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| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Trusha}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Trusha}} |
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| # [[Endometriosis|Bowel endometriosis]] vs [[Hemorrhoids]] vs [[Diverticular disease|Diverticular diseases]] vs [[Anal fissure]] vs [[Ulcerative colitis]] vs [[Crohn's disease]]
| | ==new== |
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| | {| align="right" |
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| | [[Image:Squamous cell mircopathology2.jpeg|x200px|thumb| Micropathology: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. H&E stain, By Nephron [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALung_squamous_carcinoma_--_high_mag.jpg Wikimedia Commons]]] |
| | |} |
| | {| align="right" |
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| | [[Image:Bronchial cancer.jpeg|x200px|thumb|Gross pathology: Bronchial squamous lung cell cancer By John Hayman [Public domain], (Image source: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACa_bronchus.jpg Wikimedia Commons])]] |
| | |} |
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| | {| |
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| # [[Pericardial effusion]]
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| # [[Aortic dissection]],
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| # [[Superior vena cava obstruction]] | | # [[Superior vena cava obstruction]] |
| # [[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] | | # [[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] |
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| # [[Dermoid cyst]] | | # [[Dermoid cyst]] |
| # [[Anthrax]]: | | # [[Anthrax]]: |
| # [[Tularemia]]. | | # [[Tularemia]] |
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| | |
| | [[File:Mediastinal lymohangioma GIF.gif|x200px|thumb| CT scan shows cystic mass which was located on the posterior to the lower esophagus later diagnosed as thoracic duct lymphangioma. [https://doi.org/10.5090/kjtcs.2014.47.4.423 Source:Case courtesy of Jin San Bok et al, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital]]] |
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| | [[File:Posterior-mediastinal-schwannoma.gif|x200px|thumb| CT scan showing a soft tissue density lesion within the left posterior mediastinum, in a paravertebral location. The lesion is closely related to the left neural exit foramen, but there is no definite extension into the spinal canal. The lesion does extend into the intercostal space. |
| | Case courtesy of Dr Paul Leong |
| | (Picture courtesy:[https://radiopaedia.org/cases/26625 Radiopedia])]] |
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| | __NOTOC__ |
| | {{SI}} |
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Trusha}}, {{AM}} |
|
| |
|
| <div style="width: 70%;">
| | {{SK}} Mediastinal enlargement; mass in the mediastinum |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | |
| !Disease
| | ==Overview== |
| !Presentation
| |
| !Risk Factors
| |
| !Diagnosis
| |
| !Affected Organ Systems
| |
| !Important features
| |
| !Picture
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" |Diseases predominantly affecting CVS
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| !
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Oral candidiasis|Oral Candidiasis]]
| |
| |
| |
| * [[Dysphagia]] or [[odynophagia]]
| |
| * White patches on the mouth and tongue
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Newborn]] babies
| |
|
| |
|
| *Denture users
| | The [[mediastinum]] is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax (chest), surrounded by loose connective tissue. Since it is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, and it contains a lot of important structures, it is the site of involvement of various tumors. |
|
| |
|
| *Poorly controlled [[diabetes]]
| | ==Causes== |
|
| |
|
| *As a side effect of medication, most commonly having taken [[antibiotic]]s. Inhaled [[corticosteroids]] for the treatment of lung conditions (e.g, [[asthma]] or [[COPD]]) may also result in oral candidiasis which may be reduced by regularly rinsing the mouth with water after taking the medication.
| |
|
| |
|
| *People with poor [[nutrition]], specifically [[vitamin A]], [[Iron deficiency anemia|iron]] and [[Folate deficiency|folate deficiencies]].
| |
|
| |
|
| *People with an [[immune deficiency]] (e.g. as a result of [[AIDS]]/[[HIV]] or [[chemotherapy]] treatment).
| | ==Initial Evaluation== |
| | {{familytree/start}} |
| | {{Family tree |border=2|boxstyle=background: WhiteSmoke;| | | | | A01 | | | | |A01=<div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 25em; padding: 1em;">'''Mediastinal Mass'''</div>}} |
| | {{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | }} |
| | {{familytree | | | | | B01 | | | |B01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; line-height: 150%; padding: 1em; "> '''Workups''' |
| | ---- |
| | ❑ CT chest with contrast <br> ❑ Serum beta-HCG, AFP, if appropriate <br> ❑ CBC, platelets <br> ❑ PET-CT scan (optional) <br> ❑ Pulmonary function tests if clinically indicated <br> ❑ MRI chest if clinically indicated |
| | </div>}} |
| | {{familytree | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | }} |
| | {{familytree | C01 | | | | | | C02 | | | |C01=<div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 1em;"> '''Thymic Tumor Likely''' </div> |C02= <div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 1em;"> '''Thymic Tumor Unlikely''' </div>}} |
| | {{familytree | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | }} |
|
| |
|
| *Women undergoing hormonal changes, like [[pregnancy]] or those on [[birth control pills]].
| | {{familytree | D01 | | | | | | D02 | | | |D01=<div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 1em; text-size: 85%;">Consider [[Thymoma surgery|surgery]]</div>|D02=<div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 1em; text-size: 85%;">Disease-specific management</div>}} |
|
| |
|
| *[[Organ transplantation]] patients
| | {{familytree/start}} |
| |
| |
| * Clinical diagnosis
| |
| * Confirmatory tests rarely needed
| |
| |'''Localized candidiasis'''
| |
| * [[Oral candidiasis|Oral]] and [[Esophageal candidiasis|esophageal candidasis]]
| |
| * [[Candida vulvovaginitis]]
| |
| * [[Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis]]
| |
|
| |
|
| '''Invasive candidasis'''
| |
| * [[Candidiasis|Candidaemia]]
| |
| * [[Endocarditis|Candida endocarditis]]
| |
| * [[Osteoarthritis|Candida osteoarticular disease]]
| |
| |
| |
| * [[Osteoarthritis|Oral candidiaisis is]] a benign self limiting disease unless accompanied by [[immunosuppression]].
| |
| |[[File:Human tongue infected with oral candidiasis--By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg|thumb|Tongue infected with oral candidiasis - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg|400x400px]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Herpes simplex|Herpes simplex oral lesions]]
| |
| |
| |
| * [[Fever]]
| |
| * [[Sore throat]]
| |
| * Painful [[ulcer]]s
| |
| |
| |
| * Stress
| |
| * Recent [[URTI]]
| |
| * Female sex
| |
| |
| |
| * Physical examination
| |
| * [[Viral culture]]
| |
| * [[Tzanck smear]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Orofacial Infection
| |
| * [[Herpes simplex anogenital infection|Anogenital Infection]]
| |
| * [[Herpes simplex ocular infection|Ocular Infection]]
| |
| * [[Herpes simplex encephalitis|Herpes Encephalitis]]
| |
| * [[Herpes simplex neonatorum|Neonatal Herpes]]
| |
| * [[Herpetic whitlow|Herpetic Whitlow]]
| |
| * [[Herpes gladiatorum|Herpes Gladiatorum]]
| |
| |
| |
| * The symptoms of primary [[HSV]] infection generally resolve within two weeks
| |
| |[[File:Herpesinfection - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg|thumb|Oral herpes simplex infection - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg|400x400px]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Aphthous ulcer|Aphthous ulcers]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Being a female
| |
| * Between the ages of 10-40
| |
| * Family history of [[Aphthous ulcer|aphthous ulcers]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Physical examination
| |
| * Diagnosis of exclusion
| |
| |
| |
| * Oral cavity
| |
| |
| |
| * Self-limiting , [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks
| |
| |[[File:Afta foto - By Ebarruda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358.jpg|thumb|Apthous ulcer on the under surface of the tongue|By Ebarruda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358|400x400px]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Non healing [[ulcer]], [[nodule]], indurated plaque or mass
| |
| *May involve [[skin]], [[lips]], inside the [[mouth]], [[throat]] or [[esophagus]]
| |
| |
| |
| * Chronic sun or [[Ultraviolet|UV exposure]]
| |
| * Fair [[skin]]
| |
| * [[Elderly]] age (>45 yrs)
| |
| * [[Male sex]]
| |
| * [[Smoking]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical exam]]
| |
| *[[Biopsy]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral Cavity]]
| |
| **Floor of [[mouth]]
| |
| **Lateral [[tongue]]
| |
| *[[Throat]]
| |
| *[[Esophagus]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Malignant]]
| |
| *Can spread to [[TMJ]]
| |
| *Some times associated with [[leukoplakia]]
| |
| |[[File:PLoS oral cancer.png|thumb|400x400px|Squamous cell carcinoma - By Luca Pastore, Maria Luisa Fiorella, Raffaele Fiorella, Lorenzo Lo Muzio - http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/showImageLarge.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050212.g001, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15252632]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Leukoplakia]]
| |
| |
| |
| *White leathery spots on the [[mucous membranes]] of the [[tongue]] and inside of the [[mouth]]
| |
| *Lateral borders of [[tongue]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Atypical [[Tobacco]] use
| |
| *Chronic [[irritation]]
| |
| *[[Immunodeficiency]]
| |
| *[[Bloodroot]] ([[Sanguinarine|sanguinaria]])
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical exam]]
| |
| *Diagnosis of exclusion
| |
| *[[Biopsy]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Vulva|Vulvar]] lesions occur independent of oral lesions
| |
| |
| |
| *Associated with [[HIV]]
| |
| *Persistant white spots
| |
| *[[Benign]] but can progress to [[carcinoma]] after almost 10 years
| |
| *Oral proliferative [[Leukoplakia|verrucous leukoplakia]] is an aggressive sub type with multiple lesions and higher conversion to [[warts]] or [[carcinoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[Ann M. Gillenwater]], [[Nadarajah Vigneswaran]], [[Hanadi Fatani]], [[Pierre Saintigny]] & [[Adel K. El-Naggar]]
| |
| | title = Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!
| |
| | journal = [[Advances in anatomic pathology]]
| |
| | volume = 20
| |
| | issue = 6
| |
| | pages = 416–423
| |
| | year = 2013
| |
| | month = November
| |
| | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1
| |
| | pmid = 24113312
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| |[[File:Oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV, in HIV)a.jpg|thumb|400x300px|Leukoplakia - By Aitor III - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9873087]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Melanoma]]
| |
| |
| |
| *A lesion with [[ABCD]]
| |
| **[[Asymmetry]]
| |
| **Border irregularity
| |
| **Color variation
| |
| **[[Diamete]]r changes
| |
| *[[Bleeding]] from the lesion
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Ultraviolet|UV radiations]]
| |
| *[[Genetic predisposition]]
| |
| *[[Old age]]
| |
| *[[Male gender]]
| |
| *Family or personal history of [[melanoma]]
| |
| *Multiple benign or atypical [[Nevus|nevi]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[ABCD]] characteristics
| |
| *[[Bleeding]] or [[ulceration]] may show [[malignancy]]
| |
| *Serum [[LDH]] may be elevated in case of [[malignancy]]
| |
| *[[Biopsy]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Can [[metastasize]]
| |
| *All [[UV radiation]] or sun exposed areas can be effected independently
| |
| *1-2 to hundreds of [[granules]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Neural crest cell]] derivative
| |
| *Development begins with disruption of [[nevus]] growth control
| |
| *Progression involves [[MAPK/ERK pathway]]
| |
| *[[RAS|N-RAS]] or [[BRAF]] [[oncogene]] also involved
| |
| |[[File:Palate malign melanoma 01.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Oral melanoma - By Emmanouil K Symvoulakis, Dionysios E Kyrmizakis, Emmanouil I Drivas, Anastassios V Koutsopoulos, Stylianos G Malandrakis, Charalambos E Skoulakis and John G Bizakis - Symvoulakis et al. Head & Face Medicine 2006 2:7 doi:10.1186/1746-160X-2-7 (Open Access), [1], CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9839811]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Fordyce spots]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Rice-like [[granules]] or [[spots]]
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| *Small, [[painless]], [[raised]], [[pale]], red or white
| |
| *1 to 3 mm in [[diameter]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Greasy skin types
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| *Some [[Rheumatic|rheumatic disorders]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]]
| |
| **Lower [[gingiva]] (gums)
| |
| **[[Vestibular system|Vestibular mucosa]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical exam]]
| |
| *Small [[keratin]]-filled [[pseudocysts]]
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| *May be seen on [[incidental]] [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]]
| |
| **[[Biopsy]] not done for them primarily
| |
| |
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| *[[Oral cavity]]
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| **[[Vermillion border|Vermilion border]] of the lips
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| **[[Oral mucosa]] of the upper lip
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| *[[Buccal mucosa]] in the commissural region often bilaterally
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| *[[Genitals]]
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| |
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| *[[Benign neoplasms]] with [[sebaceous]] features
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| *Visible [[sebaceous glands]]
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| *No surrounding [[mucosal]] change
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| *Several adjacent [[glands]] may coalesce into a larger cauliflower-like cluster
| |
| |[[File:Fospot.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Fordyce spots - Por Perene - Obra do próprio, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19772899]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Burning mouth syndrome]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Burning or [[tingling]] on the [[lips]], [[tongue]], or entire [[mouth]]
| |
| |
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| *[[Nutritional deficiencies]]
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| *Chronic [[anxiety]] or [[depression]]
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| *[[Diabetes type 2]]
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| *[[Menopause]]
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| *[[Oral thrush]] or [[dry mouth]], or damaged [[nerves]] transmitting taste
| |
| *[[Female gender ]]
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| *[[Menopause]]
| |
| |
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| *[[Presentation]]
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| *[[Physical exam]]
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| |
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| *[[Oral cavity]]
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| |
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| *Pain typically is low in the morning and builds up over the day
| |
| *Low dosages of [[benzodiazepines]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]] or [[anticonvulsants]] may be effective
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| |[[Torus palatinus]]
| |
| |
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| *Bony growth on midline of the [[hard palate]]
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| *[[Nodular]] mass covered with normal [[mucosa]]
| |
| |
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| *[[Genetic predisposition]]
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| **[[Autosomal dominant]]
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| |
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| *[[Physical exam]]
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| *Types
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| **[[Torus palatinus|Flat tori]]
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| **[[Torus palatinus|Spindle tori]]
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| **[[Torus palatinus|Nodular tori]]
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| **[[Torus palatinus|Lobular tori]]
| |
| |
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| *[[Hard palate]]
| |
| |
| |
| *More common in [[Asian]] and Inuit populations
| |
| *Twice more common in [[females]]
| |
| *Repeated [[trauma]] can cause [[bleeding]]
| |
| *[[Surgery]] may be required in symptomatic
| |
| |[[File:06-06-06palataltoria.jpg|thumb|Torus palatinus|400x400px|Torus palatinus - By Photo taken by dozenist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=846591]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" |'''Diseases involving oral cavity and other organ systems'''
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Behçet's disease|Behcet's disease]]
| |
| |
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| *Painful [[mouth sores]]
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| *[[Acne]] like skin lesions
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| *Headache, [[fever]], poor [[balance]], [[disorientation]]
| |
| *[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]] or [[bleeding]]
| |
| *[[Uveitis]]
| |
| *Joint [[swelling]] and joint [[pain]]
| |
| *Genital [[sores]] wit [[pain]] and [[scaring]]
| |
| *[[Aneurysms]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Over active [[immune system]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Physical examination]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Mouth]]
| |
| *[[Genitals]]
| |
| *[[GIT]]
| |
| *[[Eye]]
| |
| *[[Joints]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| *[[Vascular system]]
| |
| *[[Brain]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Outbreaks]] of exaggerated [[inflammation]]
| |
| *Affects smaller [[blood vessels]]
| |
| |[[File:Behcets disease.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Behcet's disease - By Ahmet Altiner MD, Rajni Mandal MD - http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1611/articles/18_2009-10-20/2.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17863021]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Crohn's disease]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Chronic, episodic [[diarrhea]] or [[constipation]]
| |
| *[[Abdominal pain]]
| |
| *[[Vomiting]]
| |
| *[[Weight loss]] or [[weight gain]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Smoking]]
| |
| *[[Whites]] and [[European]] [[Jews]]
| |
| *[[Hormonal contraception]]
| |
| *Diets high in microparticles, sweet, fatty or refined foods
| |
| *Industrialized country
| |
| |
| |
| *Typical [[history]] and [[symptoms]]
| |
| *[[Skip lesions]] on [[biopsy]]
| |
| *[[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies|Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA)]]
| |
| *[[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies]] ([[ANCA]])
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Eyes]]
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| *[[Joints]]
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| *[[Skin]]
| |
| |
| |
| *May lead to
| |
| **[[Obstruction]]s
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| **[[Abscess]]es
| |
| **Free [[perforation]]
| |
| **[[Hemorrhage]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Agranulocytosis]]
| |
| |
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| *[[Fever]] or [[chills]]
| |
| *Frequent [[infections]]
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| *Unusual [[redness]], [[pain]], or [[swelling]] around a wound
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| *Mouth [[ulcers]]
| |
| *[[Abdominal pain]]
| |
| *[[Burning sensation when urinating]]
| |
| *[[Sore throat]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Medications]]<ref name="PMID17142169">{{cite journal |author=Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. |title=Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder. |journal=Eur J Intern Med. |volume=17|issue=8 |pages=529-35 |year=2006|pmid 17142169|doi=|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17142169}}</ref>
| |
| *[[List of chemotherapeutic agents#Cytotoxic Chemotherapy|Cytotoxic chemotherapy]]
| |
| *[[Hematological malignancy|Hematologic malignancies]]
| |
| *[[Autoimmune disorders]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Neutropenia]] <100 cells per micro litre
| |
| *[[Eosinopenia]]
| |
| *[[Basopenia]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
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| *[[Skin]]
| |
| *[[GIT]]
| |
| *[[Urinary system]]
| |
| *[[Conjunctiva]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Immunocompromised|Immunocompromization]]
| |
| *Types
| |
| **[[Drug-induced]]
| |
| **[[Malignant]]
| |
| **[[Autoimmune]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Syphilis]]<ref>title="By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_manual_of_syphilis_and_the_venereal_diseases%2C_(1900)_(14595882378).jpg"</ref>
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Chancre]]
| |
| *Regional [[lymphadenopathy]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Multiple sexual partners]]
| |
| *Illicit [[drug use]]
| |
| *[[Unprotected sex]]
| |
| *[[Homosexual men|Men who have sex with men]]
| |
| *Residence in highly prevalent areas
| |
| *[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infection
| |
| *Presence of other [[STI]]s
| |
| *Previous history of [[Sexually transmitted disease|STIs]]
| |
| *[[Intravenous drug use]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Darkfield microscope|Darkfield microscopy]]
| |
| *Non [[Treponema|treponemal]] tests like [[VDRL]] and [[RPR test]])
| |
| *[[Treponema|Treponemal]] tests[[FTA-ABS|FTA-ABS tests]], (TP-PA) assay, [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|enzyme immunoassays]], and [[Chemiluminescence|chemiluminescence immunoassays]])
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| *[[Penis]]
| |
| *[[Cervix]]
| |
| *[[Labia]]
| |
| *[[Anal canal]]
| |
| *[[Rectum ]]
| |
| *[[CNS]]
| |
| *[[Cardiovascular|CVS]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Primary syphilis]]
| |
| **[[Chancre]]
| |
| *[[Secondary syphilis]]
| |
| **[[Condyloma latum|Condylomata lata]]
| |
| *[[Latent syphilis]]
| |
| **[[Asymptomatic]]
| |
| *[[Tertiary syphilis]]
| |
| **[[Gumma|Gummas]]
| |
| **[[Neurosyphilis]]
| |
| |[[File:Hutchinson teeth congenital syphilis PHIL 2385.rsh.jpg|thumb|400x400px|oral syphilis - By CDC/Susan Lindsley - http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20021114/34/PHIL_2385_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2134349]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Coxsackie virus]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Fever]]
| |
| *[[Sores]] in the [[mouth]]
| |
| *[[Rash]] with [[blisters]]
| |
| *[[Aches]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[immunodeficiency]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[History]] and [[Physical exam]]
| |
| *[[Swabbing|Throat swabs]]
| |
| *Swabs from the lesion
| |
| *[[Tzanck test]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Symptomatic treatment
| |
| |[[File:Hand foot mouth disease 07a.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Hand-foot-and-mouth disease - adapted from atlasdermatologico.com<ref name="urlDermatology Atlas">{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/ |title=Dermatology Atlas |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Chickenpox|Chicken pox]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Conjunctival]] symptoms
| |
| *[[Catarrhal]] symptoms
| |
| *Characteristic [[spots]] on the trunk appearing in two or three waves
| |
| *[[Itching]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[Premature infants]] born to susceptible mothers
| |
| *All [[infants]] born at less than 28 weeks [[gestation]] or who weigh =1000 grams
| |
| *[[Immunocompromised]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[History]] and [[physical exam]]
| |
| *[[PCR]] to detect [[VZV]] in [[skin lesions]] ([[vesicles]], [[scabs]], [[Maculopapular|maculopapular lesions]])
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Sodium bicarbonate]] in baths or [[antihistamines]] for [[itching]]
| |
| *[[Paracetamol]] ([[acetaminophen]]) for [[fever]]
| |
| *[[Prednisolone]] is [[contraindicated]]
| |
| |[[File:Herpangina2016.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Chickenpox - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52872565]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Measles]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Fever]]
| |
| *[[Rash]]
| |
| *[[Cough]]
| |
| *[[Coryza]] (runny nose)
| |
| *[[Conjunctivitis]] (pink eye)
| |
| *[[Malaise]]
| |
| *[[Koplick spots]] in mouth
| |
| |
| |
| *Unvaccinated individuals<ref name="pmid11135778">{{cite journal| author=Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE| title=Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 24 | pages= 3145-50 | pmid=11135778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11135778 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9009400">{{cite journal| author=Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E| title=Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies. | journal=Can J Public Health | year= 1996 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 407-10 | pmid=9009400 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9009400 }} </ref>
| |
| *Crowded and/or unsanitary conditions
| |
| *Traveling to less developed and developing countries
| |
| *Immunocompromized
| |
| *Winter and [[spring]] seasons
| |
| *Born after 1956 and never fully vaccinated
| |
| *Health care workers
| |
| |
| |
| *[[History]] and [[examination]]
| |
| *[[PCR]] for [[Measles]]-specific [[IgM|IgM antibody]]
| |
| *[[PCR]] for [[Measles]] [[RNA]]
| |
| |
| |
| *[[Oral cavity]]
| |
| *[[Skin]]
| |
| *[[Respiratory tract]]
| |
| *[[Eyes]]
| |
| *[[Throat]]
| |
| |
| |
| *Caused by [[Morbillivirus]]
| |
| *Primary site of infection is the [[respiratory epithelium]] of the [[nasopharynx]]
| |
| *Transmitted in [[respiratory secretions]], via [[aerosol droplets]] containing [[Virus|virus particles]]
| |
| |[[File:Koplik spots, measles 6111 lores.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Koplick spots (Measles) - By CDC - http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20040908/4f54ee8f0e5f49f58aaa30c1bc6413ba/6111_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824483]]
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
