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<div style="text-align:center; background-color:#dee6e8; border-top-right-radius:10px; border-top-left-radius:10px; padding-right:5px; padding-left:5px;"><font size="+1">'''PCSK-9 News'''</font>
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{| class="wikitable"
 
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Characteristic
==Overview==
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Data
 
==Historical Perspective==
 
==Classification==
 
==Pathophysiology==
 
==Causes==
 
==Differentiating {{PAGENAME}} from Other Diseases==
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
 
==Risk Factors==
 
==Screening==
 
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
===Natural History===
 
===Complications===
 
===Prognosis===
 
==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Criteria===
 
===History and Symptoms===
 
===Physical Examination===
 
===Laboratory Findings===
 
===Imaging Findings===
 
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
 
==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
 
===Surgery===
 
===Prevention===
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{WS}}
{{WH}}
 
=Encephalitis Table=
 
Reference list includes:<ref name="pmid21932127">{{cite journal| author=Eckstein C, Saidha S, Levy M| title=A differential diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination: beyond multiple sclerosis. | journal=J Neurol | year= 2012 | volume= 259 | issue= 5 | pages= 801-16 | pmid=21932127 | doi=10.1007/s00415-011-6240-5 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21932127  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11260760">{{cite journal| author=De Kruijk JR, Twijnstra A, Leffers P| title=Diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury. | journal=Brain Inj | year= 2001 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 99-106 | pmid=11260760 | doi=10.1080/026990501458335 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11260760  }} </ref>
 
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 50px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Disease}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 100px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Similarities}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Differentials}}
|-
|-
| Nucleic acid
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Meningitis]]'''
| RNA
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Classic triad of [[fever]], [[nuchal rigidity]], and [[altered mental status]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Photophobia]], [[phonophobia]], [[rash]] associated with [[meningococcemia]], concomitant [[sinusitis]] or [[otitis]], swelling of the [[fontanelle]] in infants (0-6 months)
|-
|-
| Sense
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Brain abscess]]'''
| Positive-sense
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Fever]], [[headache]], [[hemiparesis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Varies depending on the location of the abscess; clinically, [[visual disturbance]] including [[papilledema]], decreased [[sensation]]; on imaging, a [[lesion]] demonstrates both ring enhancement and central restricted diffusion
|-
|-
| Virion
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Demyelinating disease]]s'''
| Enveloped
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Ataxia]], [[lethargy]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Multiple sclerosis]]: clinically, [[nystagmus]], [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]], [[Lhermitte's sign]]; on imaging, well-demarcated ovoid lesions with possible T1 hypointensities (“black holes”)
[[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]]: clinically, [[somnolence]], [[myoclonic]] movements, and [[hemiparesis]]; on imaging, diffuse or multi-lesion enhancement, with indistinct lesion borders
|-
|-
| Capsid
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Substance abuse]]'''
| Spherical
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Tremor]], [[headache]], [[altered mental status]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Varies depending on type of substance: prior history, drug-seeking behavior, attention-seeking behavior, [[paranoia]], sudden [[panic]], [[anxiety]], [[hallucination]]s
|-
|-
| Symmetry
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Electrolyte disturbance]]'''
| Yes; T=4 icosahedral
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Fatigue]], [[headache]], [[nausea]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Varies depending on deficient ions; clinically, [[edema]], [[constipation]], [[hallucination]]s; on [[EKG]], abnormalities in [[T wave]], [[P wave]], [[QRS complex]]; possible presentations include [[arrhythmia]], [[dehydration]], [[renal failure]]
|-
|-
| Capsid monomers
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Stroke]]'''
| 240
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Ataxia]], [[aphasia]], [[dizziness]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Varies depending on classification of stroke; presents with positional [[vertigo]], high [[blood pressure]], [[extremities|extremity]] weakness
|-
|-
| Monomer length (diameter)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]'''
| 65-70 nm
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Headache]], [[coma]], [[dizziness]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Lobar [[hemorrhage]], [[numbness]], [[tingling]], [[hypertension]], [[hemorrhagic diathesis]]
|-
|-
| Additional envelope information
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Trauma]]'''
| 80 spikes; each spike is a trimer of E1/E2 proteins
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Headache]], [[altered mental status]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Amnesia]], [[loss of consciousness]], [[dizziness]], [[concussion]], [[contusion]]
|-
|-
| Genome shape
| Linear
|-
| Genome length
| 11-12 kb
|-
| Nucleotide cap
| Yes
|-
| Polyadenylated tail
| Yes
|-
| Incubation period
| 4-10 days
|}
|}


 
==Treatment==
 
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of <nowiki>[[disease name]]</nowiki> according the the [...] guidelines.
==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}
Eastern equine encephalitis virus is usually transmitted via [[mosquito]]s to the human host. Eastern equine encephalitis virus contains [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|positive-sense]] viral [[RNA]]; this RNA has its genome directly utilized as if it were mRNA, producing a single protein which is modified by host and viral proteins to form the various proteins needed for [[replication]]. One of these includes [[RNA replicase]], which copies the viral RNA to form a double-stranded replicative form, in turn this directs the formation of new virions. Eastern equine encephalitis is made up of an [[enveloped virus|enveloped virion]] with a spherical [[capsid]]. The capsid has a T=4 [[icosahedral]] symmetry made of 240 [[monomer]]s and measuring approximately 65-70nm in diameter. The envelope contains 80 spikes; each spike is a [[trimer]] of E1/E2 proteins.<ref name=ViralZoneAlpha> Alphavirus. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/625.html Accessed on March 15, 2016 </ref>
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01= Do I know how this works?}}
 
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
The genome of eastern equine encephalitis is monopartite, linear, [[positive-sense ssRNA virus|ssRNA(+)]], and approximately 11-12 kb. The genome has a [[methylated]] [[nucleotide]] cap and [[Polyadenylation|polyadenylated]] tail.<ref name=ViralZoneAlpha> Alphavirus. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/625.html Accessed on March 15, 2016 </ref> Eastern equine encephalitis is contracted by the [[bite]] of an infected [[mosquito]], primarily ''Culiseta melanura''. The virus is maintained in a cycle between ''Culiseta melanura'' mosquitos and avian hosts in [[freshwater]] hardwood swamps. ''Culiseta melanura'' is not an important vector of eastern equine virus to humans because it feeds almost exclusively on birds. Transmission to humans requires mosquito species capable of creating a "bridge" between infected birds and uninfected mammals, such as some ''[[Aedes]]'', ''Coquillettidia'', and ''Culex'' species. The [[incubation period]] is 4-10 days.<ref name=CDCEEE> Eastern Equine Encephalitis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/EasternEquineEncephalitis/index.html Accessed on March 15, 2016 </ref> Humans and horses are dead-end hosts for the virus, meaning there is an insufficient amount of eastern equine encephalitis virus in the blood stream to infect a mosquito. Many cases in horses are fatal. There is no known transmission between horses and humans.<ref name=EEEVILPubHealth> Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV). Illinois Department of Public Health (2010) http://www.idph.state.il.us/public/hb/hb_eee.htm Accessed on March 15, 2016. </ref> Recent studies have demonstrated other equine, such as mules and donkeys, and other animals, such as pigs, reptiles, amphibians, and rodents, can be infected.
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=Yes, I'm an Honors Student |B02=No shot, this is wicked hard. }}
 
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
Eastern equine encephalitis virus is transmitted in the following pattern:<ref name=ViralZoneAlpha> Alphavirus. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/625.html Accessed on March 15, 2016 </ref>
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01= Are you smart enough to split it off?}}
 
{{familytree | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
#Attachment of the viral E [[glycoprotein]] to host receptors mediates [[clathrin|clathrin-mediated]] [[endocytosis]] of virus into the host cell.
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | D03 |D01= Yes, I'm an Honors Student |D02= No, I guess I'm a pleb. |D03= Well wait, maybe some practice will help}}
#Fusion of [[biological membrane|virus membrane]] with the host [[cell membrane]]. RNA genome is released into the [[cytoplasm]].
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | | |,|-|^|.| }}
#The [[positive-sense ssRNA virus]] is [[translate]]d into a [[polyprotein]], which is cleaved into non-structural proteins necessary for RNA synthesis ([[replication]] and [[transcription]]).
{{familytree | E01 | | |!| | | E02 | | E03 |E01= Good job. Way to live up to the hype. |E02= Yes! Practice Always Helps! |E03= Have you not seen this?}}
#[[Replication]] takes place in [[cytoplasm]]ic viral factories at the surface of [[endosome]]s. A [[dsRNA]] [[genome]] is synthesized from the genomic ssRNA(+).
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | |!| }}
#The [[dsRNA]] [[genome]] is [[transcribed]] thereby providing viral [[mRNA]]s (new ssRNA(+) genomes).
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | F01 |'| | F02 |F01= You can learn anything in an hour! |F02= Go home and go to sleep. }}
#Expression of the subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) gives rise to the structural proteins.
{{familytree | |!| | | |`|-|-|-|!|-|.| | |!| }}
#Virus assembly occurs at the [[endoplasmic reticulum]].
{{familytree | |`|-|-| G01 |-|-|'| |`|-| G02 | |G01= HONORS STUDENTS ARE NUMBER #1! |G02=RIP My GPA. }}
#[[Virion]]s bud at the [[endoplasmic reticulum]], are transported to the [[Golgi apparatus]], and then exit the cell via the [[secretory pathway]].
{{familytree/end}}






==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Viruses]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}

Latest revision as of 20:20, 8 August 2016

PCSK-9 News

<rss number=5 desc=off title=off time=604800>http://news.google.com/?output=rss&q=pcsk9</rss>

LDL News

<rss number=5 desc=off title=off time=604800>http://news.google.com/?output=rss&q=LDL%20Cholesterol</rss>


Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Sandbox AG from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

References

Template:WS Template:WH

Encephalitis Table

Reference list includes:[1][2]

Disease Similarities Differentials
Meningitis Classic triad of fever, nuchal rigidity, and altered mental status Photophobia, phonophobia, rash associated with meningococcemia, concomitant sinusitis or otitis, swelling of the fontanelle in infants (0-6 months)
Brain abscess Fever, headache, hemiparesis Varies depending on the location of the abscess; clinically, visual disturbance including papilledema, decreased sensation; on imaging, a lesion demonstrates both ring enhancement and central restricted diffusion
Demyelinating diseases Ataxia, lethargy Multiple sclerosis: clinically, nystagmus, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, Lhermitte's sign; on imaging, well-demarcated ovoid lesions with possible T1 hypointensities (“black holes”)

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: clinically, somnolence, myoclonic movements, and hemiparesis; on imaging, diffuse or multi-lesion enhancement, with indistinct lesion borders

Substance abuse Tremor, headache, altered mental status Varies depending on type of substance: prior history, drug-seeking behavior, attention-seeking behavior, paranoia, sudden panic, anxiety, hallucinations
Electrolyte disturbance Fatigue, headache, nausea Varies depending on deficient ions; clinically, edema, constipation, hallucinations; on EKG, abnormalities in T wave, P wave, QRS complex; possible presentations include arrhythmia, dehydration, renal failure
Stroke Ataxia, aphasia, dizziness Varies depending on classification of stroke; presents with positional vertigo, high blood pressure, extremity weakness
Intracranial hemorrhage Headache, coma, dizziness Lobar hemorrhage, numbness, tingling, hypertension, hemorrhagic diathesis
Trauma Headache, altered mental status Amnesia, loss of consciousness, dizziness, concussion, contusion

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do I know how this works?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes, I'm an Honors Student
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No shot, this is wicked hard.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Are you smart enough to split it off?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes, I'm an Honors Student
 
No, I guess I'm a pleb.
 
 
 
 
 
Well wait, maybe some practice will help
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Good job. Way to live up to the hype.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes! Practice Always Helps!
 
Have you not seen this?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
You can learn anything in an hour!
 
 
 
Go home and go to sleep.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HONORS STUDENTS ARE NUMBER #1!
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RIP My GPA.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


References

  1. ↑ Eckstein C, Saidha S, Levy M (2012). "A differential diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination: beyond multiple sclerosis". J Neurol. 259 (5): 801–16. doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6240-5. PMID 21932127.
  2. ↑ De Kruijk JR, Twijnstra A, Leffers P (2001). "Diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury". Brain Inj. 15 (2): 99–106. doi:10.1080/026990501458335. PMID 11260760.
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