Z-DNA-binding protein 1, also known as DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI) and DLM-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBP1gene.[1][2]
ZBP1 is also an abbreviation for chicken or rat β-actin zipcode-binding protein 1, a homolog of the human insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IMP-1) and murine CRD-BP, the proteins involved in mRNA transport (RNA-binding proteins, RBPs).
Function
DLM1 encodes a Z-DNA binding protein. Z-DNA formation is a dynamic process, largely controlled by the amount of supercoiling.[2] ZBP1 recognizes DNA in the cytoplasm as an antiviral mechanism. Viral life cycles often include steps where DNA is exposed in the cytoplasm. DNA is normally contained in the nucleus of a cell, and therefore cells use proteins like ZBP1 as an indicator of a viral infection. Once ZBP1 is activated, it increases the production of antiviral cytokines such as interferon beta.[3] DLM1 then binds to cytosolic Viral DNA using two Z-DNA-binding domains (Zα and Zβ) at its N-terminus along with a DNA binding domain (D3).[4]
The role of ZBP1 in DNA sensing has been questioned. It has been found to sense Influenza A Virus (IAV) infection and induce cell death. Since DNA is not synthesized in any stage of IAV life cycle, DNA sensing playing a role in this context is unlikely.[5][6] A follow up study identified that ZBP1 senses the IAV ribonucleoprotein complex to induce cell death.[6] A more recent study has identified transcription factor IRF1 as the upstream regulator of ZBP1 expression.[7]
Zipcode binding protein 1 (ZBP1) was shown to regulate dendritogenesis (dendrite formation) in hippocampal neurons.[8] This protein is different from the nucleic acid sensor ZBP1.
↑Perycz M, Urbanska AS, Krawczyk PS, Parobczak K, Jaworski J (Apr 2011). "Zipcode binding protein 1 regulates the development of dendritic arbors in hippocampal neurons". The Journal of Neuroscience. 31 (14): 5271–85. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2387-10.2011. PMID21471362.
Further reading
Ha SC, Van Quyen D, Hwang HY, Oh DB, Brown BA, Lee SM, Park HJ, Ahn JH, Kim KK, Kim YG (Feb 2006). "Biochemical characterization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of the domains of human ZBP1 bound to left-handed Z-DNA". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1764 (2): 320–3. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.12.012. PMID16448869.
Schwartz T, Behlke J, Lowenhaupt K, Heinemann U, Rich A (Sep 2001). "Structure of the DLM-1-Z-DNA complex reveals a conserved family of Z-DNA-binding proteins". Nature Structural Biology. 8 (9): 761–5. doi:10.1038/nsb0901-761. PMID11524677.
Schwartz T, Rould MA, Lowenhaupt K, Herbert A, Rich A (Jun 1999). "Crystal structure of the Zalpha domain of the human editing enzyme ADAR1 bound to left-handed Z-DNA". Science. 284 (5421): 1841–5. doi:10.1126/science.284.5421.1841. PMID10364558.
