Unhappy triad
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| Unhappy triad Classification and external resources | |
 | |
|---|---|
| Knee | |
| ICD-10 | S83.7 |
An unhappy triad (or terrible triad, or O'Donoghue's triad[1]) is an injury to the knee. It commonly occurs in contact sports (such as American football). The mechanism for this injury occurs when a lateral (outside) force to the knee is received while the foot is fixed on the ground.
Structures in triad
This scenario causes an injury to three knee structures:
- the anterior cruciate ligament
- the medial collateral ligament (or "tibial collateral ligament")
- the lateral meniscus
The inclusion of the lateral meniscus in the triad has been recently ascertained as it previously had been incorrectly postulated that the medial meniscus was the third component.[2]
Terminology
The term "unhappy triad" was coined by O'Donoghue in 1950.[2][3][4] However, since then, this term and the term "terrible triad" have also been used to describe several other combinations of joint injuries, including those of the elbow[5] and shoulder.[6]
The term "terrible triad" is also sometimes used in the popular press to describe conditions relating to pain, or even to refer to the MacDonald triad.
See also
Additional images
 Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments. |
 Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Posterior aspect. |
References
- ↑ Shelbourne K, Nitz P (1991). "The O'Donoghue triad revisited. Combined knee injuries involving anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament tears". Am J Sports Med 19 (5): 474-7. PMID 1962712.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Barber F (1992). "What is the terrible triad?". Arthroscopy 8 (1): 19-22. PMID 1550645.
- ↑ O'Donoghue D (1950). "Surgical treatment of fresh injuries to the major ligaments of the knee". J Bone Joint Surg Am 32 (A:4): 721-38. PMID 14784482.
- ↑ O'Donoghue D. "The unhappy triad: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment". Am J Orthop 6: 242-7 PASSIM. PMID 14237439.
- ↑ Pugh D, McKee M (2002). "The "terrible triad" of the elbow". Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg 6 (1): 21-9. PMID 16520629.
- ↑ Simonich S, Wright T. "Terrible triad of the shoulder". J Shoulder Elbow Surg 12 (6): 566-8. PMID 14671520.
External links
Dislocations/subluxations, sprains and strains (Sx3 where x=0 to 9, 830-848) | |
|---|---|
| Neck (x=1) | Whiplash |
| Shoulder and upper arm (x=4) | Dislocated shoulder - Separated shoulder - SLAP tear |
| Hip and thigh (x=7) | Dislocation of hip - Pulled hamstring |
| Knee and lower leg (x=8) | Tear of meniscus - Anterior cruciate ligament injury - Unhappy triad - Shin splints |
| Ankle and foot (x=9) | Sprained ankle - Metatarsalphalangeal joint sprain |
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
