Tracheitis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dushka Riaz, MD
Overview
Tracheitis is the bacterial infection of the trachea. It is also known as bacterial croup or acute laryngotracheobronchitis. It results in airway inflammation with mucosal edema, tracheal ulceration and thick membranous exudates. It is most commonly caused by a superimposed bacterial infection following a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Common bacterial pathogens include Staphylococcus Aureus, Haemophilus Influenza, Streptococcus Viridans and Moraxella Catarrhalis. It is a disease most commonly encountered in the pediatric age group, between 2-10 years of age. However, mechanical ventilation can also cause tracheitis as it allows colonization of the trachea through endotracheal tube. Clinical features include cough, hoarseness, stridor which can rapidly progress into respiratory distress within 36 to 72 hours. Acute airway obstruction can also develop due to rapid formation of tracheal exudates. Securing airway by endotracheal intubation is therefore crucial in management of tracheitis along with early initiation of empiric antibiotics. Rigid endoscopy is performed to remove thick membranous exudates, known to cause significant tracheal lumen obstruction. Complications of tracheitis include airway obstruction, acute respiratory distress syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, septic shock and multi organ failure. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
References
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 29262085.
- ↑ Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L (2017). "Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis". Med Mal Infect. 47 (7): 443–452. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006. PMC 7125831 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 28757125. - ↑ Jones R, Santos JI, Overall JC (1979). "Bacterial tracheitis". JAMA. 242 (8): 721–6. PMID 379379.
- ↑ Hopkins A, Lahiri T, Salerno R, Heath B (2006). "Changing epidemiology of life-threatening upper airway infections: the reemergence of bacterial tracheitis". Pediatrics. 118 (4): 1418–21. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0692. PMID 17015531.
- ↑ Gallagher PG, Myer CM (1991). "An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of membranous laryngotracheobronchitis in infants and children". Pediatr Emerg Care. 7 (6): 337–42. doi:10.1097/00006565-199112000-00004. PMID 1788120.