Severe combined immunodeficiency
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| Severe combined immunodeficiency Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | D81.0-D81.2 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 279.2 |
| DiseasesDB | 11978 |
| eMedicine | med/2214 |
| MeSH | D016511 |
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Overview
Severe combined immunodeficiency, or Boy in the Bubble Syndrome, is a genetic disorder in which both "arms" (B cells and T cells) of the adaptive immune system are crippled, due to a defect in one of several possible genes. SCID is a severe form of heritable immunodeficiency. It is also known as the "bubble boy" disease because its victims are extremely vulnerable to infectious diseases. The most famous case is the boy David Vetter.
Chronic diarrhea, ear infections, recurrent Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and profuse oral candidiasis commonly occur. These babies, if untreated, usually die within 1 year due to severe, recurrent infections. However, treatment options are much improved since David Vetter.
Prevalence
Classical SCID has a reported incidence of about 1 in 65,000 live births in Australia.[1]
Recent studies indicate that one in every 2,500 children in the Navajo population inherit severe combined immunodeficiency. This condition is a significant cause of illness and death among Navajo children.[2] Ongoing research reveals a similar genetic pattern among the related Apache people.[3]
Types
| Type | Description |
| X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency | Most cases of SCID are due to mutations in the gene encoding the common gamma chain (γc), a protein that is shared by the receptors for interleukins IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. These interleukins and their receptors are involved in the development and differentiation of T and B cells. Because the common gamma chain is shared by many interleukin receptors, mutations that result in a non-functional common gamma chain cause widespread defects in interleukin signalling. The result is a near complete failure of the immune system to develop and function, with low or absent T cells and NK cells and non-functional B cells. The common gamma chain is encoded by the gene IL-2 receptor gamma, or IL-2Rγ, which is located on the X-chromosome. Therefore, immunodeficiency caused by mutations in IL-2Rγ is known as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. The condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. |
| Adenosine deaminase deficiency | The second most common form of SCID after X-SCID is caused by a defective enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA), necessary for the breakdown of purines. Lack of ADA causes accumulation of dATP. This metabolite will inhibit the activity of ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase, the enzyme that reduces ribonucleotides to generate deoxyribonucleotides. The effectiveness of the immune system depends upon lymphocyte proliferation and hence dNTP synthesis. Without functional ribonucleotide reductase, lymphocyte proliferation is inhibited and the immune system is compromised. |
| Omenn syndrome | The manufacture of immunoglobulins requires recombinase enzymes derived from the recombination activating genes RAG-1 and RAG-2. These enzymes are involved in the first stage of V(D)J recombination, the process by which segments of a B cell or T cell's DNA are rearranged to create a new T cell receptor or B cell receptor (and, in the B cell's case, the template for antibodies). Certain mutations of the RAG-1 or RAG-2 genes prevent V(D)J recombination, causing SCID.[4] |
| JAK3 | Janus kinase-3 (JAK3) is an enzyme that mediates transduction downstream of the γc signal. Mutation of its gene also causes SCID.[5] |
| Artemis/DCLRE1C | Mortan Cowan, MD, director of the Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Program at the University of California-San Francisco, noted that although researchers have identified about a dozen genes that cause SCID, the Navajo and Apache population has the most severe form of the disorder. This is due to the lack of a gene designated Artemis. Without the gene, children's bodies are unable to repair DNA or develop disease-fighting cells. [2][3] |
Detection
Standard testing of SCID is not currently available for newborns due to the diversity of the genetic defect. Some SCID can be detected by sequencing fetal DNA if a known history of the disease exists. Otherwise, SCID is not detected until about six months of age, usually indicated by recurrent infections. The delay in detection is because newborns carry their mother's antibodies for the first few weeks of life and SCID babies look normal.
Treatment
The most common treatment for SCID is bone marrow transplantation, which has been successful using either a matched donor (a sibling is generally best)or a half-matched donor, who would be either parent. The half-matched type of transplant is called haplo-identical and was perfected by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York and also Duke University Medical Center which currently does the highest number of these transplants of any center in the world.[6] David Vetter, the original "bubble boy", had one of the first transplantations but eventually died because of an unscreened virus, Epstein-Barr (tests were not available at the time), in his newly transplanted bone marrow from his sister. Today, transplants done in the first three months of life have a high success rate. Physicians have also had some success with in utero transplants done before the child is born and also by using cord blood which is rich in stem cells.
More recently gene therapy has been attempted as an alternative to the bone marrow transplant. Transduction of the missing gene to hematopoietic stem cells using viral vectors is being tested in ADA SCID and X-linked SCID. The first gene therapy trials were performed in 1990, with peripheral T cells. In 2000, the first gene therapy "success" resulted in SCID patients with a functional immune system. These trials were stopped when it was discovered that two of ten patients in one trial had developed leukemia resulting from the insertion of the gene-carrying retrovirus near an oncogene. In 2007, four of the ten patients have developed leukemias [7]. Work is now focusing on correcting the gene without triggering an oncogene. No leukemia cases have yet been seen in trials of ADA-SCID, which does not involve the gamma c gene that may be oncogenic when expressed by a retrovirus.
Trial treatments of SCID have been gene therapy's only success; since 1999, gene therapy has restored the immune systems of at least 17 children with two forms (ADA-SCID and X-SCID) of the disorder.
References
- ↑ Yee A, De Ravin SS, Elliott E, Ziegler JB (2008). "Severe combined immunodeficiency: A national surveillance study". Pediatr Allergy Immunol 19: 080130211941085. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00646.x. PMID 18221464.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Li L, Moshous D, Zhou Y, et al (2002). "A founder mutation in Artemis, an SNM1-like protein, causes SCID in Athabascan-speaking Native Americans". J. Immunol. 168 (12): 6323–9. PMID 12055248.
- ↑ Haq IJ, Steinberg LJ, Hoenig M, et al (2007). "GvHD-associated cytokine polymorphisms do not associate with Omenn syndrome rather than T-B- SCID in patients with defects in RAG genes". Clin. Immunol. 124 (2): 165–9. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2007.04.013. PMID 17572155.
- ↑ Pesu M, Candotti F, Husa M, Hofmann SR, Notarangelo LD, O'Shea JJ (2005). "Jak3, severe combined immunodeficiency, and a new class of immunosuppressive drugs". Immunol. Rev. 203: 127–42. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00220.x. PMID 15661026.
- ↑ Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): Immunodeficiency Disorders: Merck Manual Professional. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
- ↑ Press release from the European Society of Gene Therapy
External links
- Learning About Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) NIH
- Buckley RH (2004). "Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution". Annu Rev Immunol 22: 625–55. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104614. PMID 15032591.
- Chinen J, Puck JM (2004). "Successes and risks of gene therapy in primary immunodeficiencies". J Allergy Clin Immunol 113 (4): 595–603; quiz 604. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.01.765. PMID 15100660.
- Church AC (2002). "X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency". Hosp Med 63 (11): 676–80. PMID 12474613.
- Gennery AR, Cant AJ (2001). "Diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency". J Clin Pathol 54 (3): 191–5. doi:10.1136/jcp.54.3.191. PMID 11253129.
- Concept of gene therapy for SCID
Metabolic disease: DNA repair-deficiency disorder |
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| Ataxia telangiectasia · Bloom syndrome · Cockayne syndrome · Fanconi anemia · Li-Fraumeni syndrome · Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer · Nijmegen breakage syndrome · Rothmund-Thomson syndrome · Severe combined immunodeficiency · Werner syndrome · Xeroderma pigmentosum |
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ko:중증합병면역결핍증 nl:SCID (ziekte)sv:Svår kombinerad immunbrist
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
