Schizophrenia risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2], Irfan Dotani
Overview
Risk factors for schizophrenia include the season of birth (late winter, early spring, summer) and genetic predisposition.
Risk Factors
The following are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia:[1]
- Season of birth:
- Place of growing up:
- Urban areas
- Genetic predisposition to:
Prenatal
- It is thought that causal factors can initially come together in early neurodevelopment, including during pregnancy, to increase the risk of later developing schizophrenia.
- One curious finding is that people diagnosed with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in winter or spring, (at least in the northern hemisphere).[2]
- There is now evidence that prenatal exposure to infections increases the risk for developing schizophrenia later in life, providing additional evidence for a link between in utero developmental pathology and risk of developing the condition.[3]
Social
- Living in an urban environment has been consistently found to be a risk factor for schizophrenia.[4]
- Social disadvantage has been found to be a risk factor, including poverty and migration related to social adversity, racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment or poor housing conditions.[5][6]
- Childhood experiences of abuse or trauma have also been implicated as risk factors for a diagnosis of schizophrenia later in life.[7][8]
- Parenting is not held responsible for schizophrenia but unsupportive dysfunctional relationships may contribute to an increased risk.[9]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
- ↑ Davies G, Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J. (2003). A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29 (3), 587–93. PMID 14609251
- ↑ Brown, A.S. (2006). Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32 (2), 200–2. PMID 16469941
- ↑ van Os J, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P (2005) The schizophrenia envirome. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18 (2), 141-5. PMID 16639166
- ↑ Mueser KT & McGurk SR. (2004) Schizophrenia. Lancet. June 19;363(9426):2063-72. PMID 15207959
- ↑ Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Kahn RS. (2007) Migration and schizophrenia. Current Opininion in Psychiatry, 20 (2), 111-5. PMID 17278906
- ↑ Schenkel LS, Spaulding WD, Dilillo D, Silverstein SM (2005). Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. Schizophrenia Research, 76(2–3), 273–286. PMID 15949659
- ↑ Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, et al (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 38–45. PMID 14674957
- ↑ Subotnik, KL, Goldstein, MJ, Nuechterlein, KH, Woo, SM and Mintz, J. (2002) Are Communication Deviance and Expressed Emotion Related to Family History of Psychiatric Disorders in Schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 28(4):719-29 PMID 12795501