Sandbox:Hannan

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Abbreviations

ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, ARR: Aldosterone-renin ratio, CAM: Cellular adhesion molecules, ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CT: Computerized tomography, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FDG: Fluorodeoxyglucose, FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone, GI: Gastrointestinal, H&E stain: Hematoxylin and eosin stain, LCA: Leukocyte common antigen, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, LH: Luteinizing hormone, MEN: Multiple endocrine neoplasia, MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, N/A: Not applicable/Not available, N/L: Normal, PAS stain: Periodic acid–Schiff stain, PET: Position emission tomography, PGP: Protein gene product 9.5, TB: Tuberculosis, U/S: Ultrasound, ZF: Zona fasciculata, ZG: Zona granulosa, ZR: Zona reticularis.

Adrenal Cortex Product Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Signs Blood & Urine Histopathological Others Ultrasound CT scan FDG PET/CT MRI
Adrenal Adenoma Aldosterone
[1][2][3][4]
  • Iso and low FDG uptake compared with liver
  • Hyperintense on in-phase and hypointense on oppose-phase
Cortisol
[1][5][6][7]
  • Iso and low FDG uptake compared with liver
  • Hyperintense on in-phase and hypointense on oppose-phase
Androgens
[4][8][9][10]
  • Well-defined
  • Solid mass
  • N/A
  • Hyperintense on in-phase and hypointense on oppose-phase
Non-functional
[1][11][12][13]
  • Solid, well defined mass
  • High lipid content and adjacent compression
  • N/A
  • Hyperintense on in-phase and hypointense on oppose-phase
Adrenal Carcinoma
[12][14][15][16][17]
  • N/A
  • Heterogeneous enhancement
  • Heterogeneous mass with intense FDG uptake greater than liver
  • Heterogenous hyper-intensity (T2-weighted) and hypo-intensity on (T1-weighted)
Adrenal Hyperplasia
[2][5][4][8][9][15][18][19]
  • N/A
  • Unilateral or bilateral adrenal enlargement or thickening
  • Signaling is same as that of normal adrenal gland
Medulla Product Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Signs Blood & Urine Histopathological Others Ultrasound CT scan FDG PET/CT MRI
Pheochromocytoma
[20][21][22][23][24]
  • N/A
Neuroblastoma
[15][25][26][27]
  • Large mass
  • May cross midline
  • N/A
Stains positive for:
Ganglioneuroma
[15][28][29][30]
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Hypointense (T1-weighted)
  • Varied signal (T2-weighted)

Stains positive for:

Stroma Product Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Signs Blood & Urine Histopathological Others Ultrasound CT scan FDG PET/CT MRI
Lipoma/Myolipoma
[15][31][32][33]
  • N/A
  • N/L
  • N/A
  • High signal
Others Product Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Signs Blood & Urine Histopathological Others Ultrasound CT scan FDG PET/CT MRI
Tuberculosis
[34][35][36][37][38]
  • N/A
  • Variable
Histoplasmosis
[39][40][41][42][43]
  • N/A
Cysts
[15][44][45][46]
  • N/A
  • Gold standard
  • Circumscribed anechoic or hypoechoic mass
  • N/A
  • High signal
Hematoma
[15][47][48][49]
  • N/A
  • Variable
  • N/A
  • Majority of the cases in neonantal peiod
  • Majority of the cases caused by trauma
Hemangioma
[15][50][51][52]
  • N/A
  • Hyperintensity (T2) hypointensity (T1)
  • Peripheral spotty and centripetal enhancement
  • Majority of the cases diagnosed incidentally
  • Majority of the lesions are non-functional with female pre-dominance
Lymphoma
[15][53][54][55]
  • N/A
  • N/A
Cystic Lymphangioma
[15][56][57][58]
  • N/A
  • N/L
  • N/A
  • T1 hypointense & T2 hyperintense
Teratoma
[15][59][60][61]
  • N/A
  • N/L
  • Heterogeneous
  • Mixed echo (U/S)
  • Heterogeneous
  • Mixed density elements
  • Egg-shell calcification
  • Mild enhancement
  • N/A
  • Mild enhancement
  • Mixed signals (MRI)
Metastases
[15][62][63][64][65]
  • Related to the primary tumor
  • N/A
  • Low signal on T1-weighed MRI and high signal on T2-weighed MRI

OR

  • Isointense on T1- and T2-weighed MRI

References

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