Ryegrass

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style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;"|Ryegrass
Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;" | Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked) Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Pooideae
Genus: Lolium
L.
Species

See text

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Ryegrass (Lolium) is a genus of nine species of tufted grasses in the Pooideae subfamily of the Poaceae family. They are characterized by bunch-like growth habits. Also called tares (even though there is no firm evidence that this is the same as the plant given that name in English language translations of the Bible (as in the "Parable of the Tares") - vetches are another candidate), these plants are native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, but are widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere. Ryegrasses are naturally diploid, with 2n = 14, and are closely related to the fescues Festuca.

Ryegrass should not be confused with rye, which is a grain crop.

Species

The following are accepted as distinct species:

Cultivation and uses

Ryegrasses contain some species which are important grasses for both lawns, and as pasture and for grazing and hay for livestock, being a highly nutritious stock feed. Ryegrasses are also used in soil erosion control programs. It is the principal grazing grass in New Zealand where some 10 million kilograms of certified seed are produced every year. There is a large range of cultivars. The primary species found worldwide and used for both lawns and as a forage crop is perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Like many cool-season grasses of the family Poaceae, it harbors a symbiotic fungal endophyte, either Epichloë or its close relative Neotyphodium, of which both are of the fungal family Clavicipitaceae[1][2]

Some species, particularly L. temulentum, are weeds which can have a severe impact on the production of wheat and other crops. Ryegrass pollen is also one of the major causes of hay fever.

Many grass tennis courts including Wimbledon are planted in ryegrass in different compositions, depending on the tournament.

Synonyms

File:Illustration Lolium temulentum0.jpg
Lolium temulentum (Poison Darnel)
  • L. ambiguum = Lolium multiflorum
  • L. annuum = Lolium temulentum
  • L. arundinaceum = Festuca arundinacea
  • L. berteronianum = Lolium temulentum
  • L. brasilianum = Lolium perenne
  • L. canadense = Lolium perenne
  • L. crassiculme = Lolium rigidum
  • L. cuneatum = Lolium temulentum
  • L. dorei = Lolium persicum
  • L. giganteum = Festuca gigantea
  • L. gracile = Lolium temulentum
  • L. lepturoides = Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides
  • L. marschallii = Lolium perenne
  • L. parabolicae = Lolium rigidum
  • L. pratense = Festuca pratensis
  • L. remotum = Lolium temulentum subsp. remotum
  • L. romanum = Lolium multiflorum
  • L. scabrum = Lolium multiflorum
  • L. siculum = Lolium multiflorum
  • L. subulatum = Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides
  • L. teres = Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides
  • L. trabutii = Lolium rigidum

References

  1. Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Spiering MJ (2004). "Symbioses of grasses with seedborne fungal endophytes". Annu Rev Plant Biol. 55: 315–340. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141735. PMID 15377223.
  2. Cheplick GP (2011). "Endosymbiosis and population differentiation in wild and cultivated Lolium perenne (Poaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 98 (5): 829–38. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000226. PMID 21613060.

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