Prulifloxacin

Prulifloxacin

Clinical data
Trade names	Quisnon, Unidrox, Prixina, Glimbax
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Routes of administration	Oral
ATC code	J01MA17 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	Rx-only (Japan, Italy)
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	By esterases, to ulifloxacin
Elimination half-life	7.7 to 8.9 hours
Excretion	Renal and fecal
Identifiers
IUPAC name (RS)-6-Fluoro-1-methyl-7-[4-(5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl-1-piperazinyl]-4-oxo-4H-[1,3]thiazeto[3,2-a]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
CAS Number	123447-62-1 Y
PubChem CID	65947
ChemSpider	59351 N
UNII	J42298IESW
ChEMBL	ChEMBL422648 N
E number	{{#property:P628}}
ECHA InfoCard	{{#property:P2566}}
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C21H20FN3O6S
Molar mass	461.463403 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES CC1N2C3=CC(=C(C=C3C(=O)C(=C2S1)C(=O)O)F)N4CCN(CC4)CC5=C(OC(=O)O5)C
InChI InChI=1S/C21H20FN3O6S/c1-10-16(31-21(29)30-10)9-23-3-5-24(6-4-23)15-8-14-12(7-13(15)22)18(26)17(20(27)28)19-25(14)11(2)32-19/h7-8,11H,3-6,9H2,1-2H3,(H,27,28) N Key:PWNMXPDKBYZCOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
NY (what is this?)  (verify)

WikiDoc Resources for Prulifloxacin
Articles
Most recent articles on Prulifloxacin Most cited articles on Prulifloxacin Review articles on Prulifloxacin Articles on Prulifloxacin in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Prulifloxacin Images of Prulifloxacin Photos of Prulifloxacin Podcasts & MP3s on Prulifloxacin Videos on Prulifloxacin
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Prulifloxacin Bandolier on Prulifloxacin TRIP on Prulifloxacin
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Prulifloxacin at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Prulifloxacin Clinical Trials on Prulifloxacin at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Prulifloxacin NICE Guidance on Prulifloxacin NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Prulifloxacin CDC on Prulifloxacin
Books
Books on Prulifloxacin
News
Prulifloxacin in the news Be alerted to news on Prulifloxacin News trends on Prulifloxacin
Commentary
Blogs on Prulifloxacin
Definitions
Definitions of Prulifloxacin
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Prulifloxacin Discussion groups on Prulifloxacin Patient Handouts on Prulifloxacin Directions to Hospitals Treating Prulifloxacin Risk calculators and risk factors for Prulifloxacin
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Prulifloxacin Causes & Risk Factors for Prulifloxacin Diagnostic studies for Prulifloxacin Treatment of Prulifloxacin
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Prulifloxacin
International
Prulifloxacin en Espanol Prulifloxacin en Francais
Business
Prulifloxacin in the Marketplace Patents on Prulifloxacin
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Prulifloxacin

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Prulifloxacin is an older synthetic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class undergoing clinical trials prior to a possible NDA (New Drug Application) submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is a prodrug which is metabolized in the body to the active compound ulifloxacin. It was developed over two decades ago by Nippon Shinyaku Co. and was patented in Japan in 1987 and in the United States in 1989.

It has been approved for the treatment of uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections, community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Italy and gastroenteritis, including infectious diarrheas, in Japan. Prulifloxacin has not been approved for use in the United States.

History

In 1987 a European Patent (EP 315828) for prulifloxacin was issued to the Japanese based pharmaceutical company, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd (Nippon). Ten years after the issuance of the European patent, marketing approval was applied for and granted in Japan (March 1997). Subsequent to being approved by the Japanese authorities in 1997 prulifloxacin was co-marketed and jointly developed in Japan with Meiji Seika as licensee (Sword).

In more recent times, Angelini ACRAF SpA, under license from Nippon Shinyaku, has fully developed prulifloxacin, for the European market. Angelini is the licensee for the product in Italy. Following its launch in Italy, Angelini launched prulifloxacin in Portugal (January 2007) and it has been stated that further approvals will be sought in other European countries.

Prulifloxacin is marketed in Japan and Italy as Quisnon (Nippon Shinyaku); Sword (Meiji); Unidrox (Angelini); Prixina (Angelini) and Glimbax (ITF Hellas) in Greece and generic as Pruquin.

In 1989 and 1992 United States patents (US 5086049) were issued to Nippon Shinyaku for prulifloxacin. It was not until June 2004, when Optimer Pharmaceuticals acquired exclusive rights to discover, develop and commercialize prulifloxacin (Pruvel) in the U.S. from Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., that there were any attempts to seek FDA approval to market the drug in the United States. Optimer Pharmaceuticals expects to file an NDA (new drug application) for prulifloxacin some time in 2010. As the patent for prulifloxacin has already expired, Optimer Pharmaceuticals has stated that this may have an effect on the commercial prospects of prulifloxacin within the United States market.

Licensed uses

Prulifloxacin has been approved in Italy, Japan,China,India and Greece (as indicated), for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, in the following conditions:

Italy

• Acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (simple cystitis)
• Complicated lower urinary tract infections
• Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis

Japan

• Gastroenteritis, including infectious diarrheas

Other countries

• Prulifloxacin has not been approved for use in the United States, but may have been approved in other Countries, other than that which is indicated above.

Availability

Prulifloxacin is available as:

• Tablets (250 mg, 450 mg or 600 mg)

In most countries, all formulations require a prescription.

Mechanism of action

Like other fluoroquinolones, Prulifloxacin prevents bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination through inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase.

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal drugs, eradicating bacteria by interfering with DNA replication.

Quinolones are synthetic agents that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as a unique mechanism of action, resulting in inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Quinolones inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. For many gram-negative bacteria, DNA gyrase is the target, whereas topoisomerase IV is the target for many gram-positive bacteria. It is believed that eukaryotic cells do not contain DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV.

Contraindications

There are only four contraindications found within the package insert:

• "Prulifloxacin is contraindicated in patients with anamnesis of tendon diseases related to the administration of quinolones."

• "Prulifloxacin is contraindicated in persons with a history of hypersensitivity to Prulifloxacin, any member of the quinolone class of antimicrobial agents, or any of the product components."

• "Prulifloxacin is contraindicated in subjects with celiac disease."'

• "Prulifloxacin is also considered to be contraindicated within the pediatric population, pregnancy, nursing mothers, and in patients with epilepsy or other seizure disorders."

• Pregnancy

The fluoroquinolones rapidly cross the blood-placenta and blood-milk barrier, and are extensively distributed into the fetal tissues. The fluoroquinolones have also been reported as being present in the mother’s milk and are passed on to the nursing child.

• Pediatric population

Fluoroquinolones are not licensed by the U.S. FDA for use in children due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system, with two exceptions. However, the fluoroquinolones are licensed to treat lower respiratory infections in children with cystic fibrosis in the UK.

Special precautions

"As with other quinolones, exposure to the sun or ultra-violet rays may cause phototoxicity reactions in patients treated with prulifloxacin."

"When treated with antibacterial agents of the quinolone group, patients with latent or known deficiencies for the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity are predisposed to hemolytic reactions."

Adverse Events

Within one review prulifloxacin was stated to have a similar tolerability profile to that of ciprofloxacin. Within another study it was found that prulifloxacin patients experienced a similar number of adverse reactions compared to those in the ciprofloxacin group (15.4% vs 12.7%). There were four serious adverse events in each treatment arm, including 1 death in the prulifloxacin arm. None were considered treatment related by the investigator. If approved in the U.S., prulifloxacin will likely carry a black box warning for tendon damage, as the FDA has determined that this is a class effect of fluoroquinolones.

Prulifloxacin has a reduced effect on the QTc interval comparted to other fluoroquinolones and may be a safer choice for patients with pre-existing risk factors for arrhythmia.

Interactions

• Probenecid: Prulifloxacin urinary excretion decreases when concomitantly administered with probenecid.

• Fenbufen: The concomitant administration of fenbufen can cause increased risk of convulsions.

• Hypoglycemic agents: May cause hypoglycemia in diabetic patients under treatment with hypoglycemic agents.

• Theophylline: May cause a decreased theophylline clearance.

• Warfarin: May enhance the effects of oral anticoagulants such as warfarin and its derivatives.

• Nicardipine: May potentiate the phototoxicity of prulifloxacin.

Overdose

In the event of acute overdosage, the stomach should be emptied by inducing vomiting or by gastric lavage; the patient should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment.

Pharmacokinetics

Prulifloxacin 600 mg achieves peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of ulifloxacin (1.6μg/mL) in a median time to Cmax (tmax) of 1 hour. Ulifloxacin is ≈45% bound to serum proteins in vivo. It is extensively distributed throughout tissues and shows good penetration into many body tissues. The elimination half-life (t1/2) of ulifloxacin after single-dose prulifloxacin 300–600 mg ranged from 10.6 to 12.1 hours. After absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, prulifloxacin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism (hydrolysis by esterases, mainly paraoxonase to form ulifloxacin, the active metabolite). Unchanged ulifloxacin is predominantly eliminated by renal excretion. Quoting from the available package insert.

See also

• Quinolone

Bibliography

• "Annual Report 2008". Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Retrieved 2010-04-08.

PDF File