Prostatitis medical therapy

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Urinary Tract Infections Main Page

Prostatitis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Prostatitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-Ray

CT scan

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Prostatitis medical therapy On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Prostatitis medical therapy

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Prostatitis medical therapy

CDC on Prostatitis medical therapy

Prostatitis medical therapy in the news

Blogs on Prostatitis medical therapy

Directions to Hospitals Treating Prostatitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Prostatitis medical therapy

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Antimicrobial therapy is indicated for acute and chronic prostatitis. Patients are generally treated in an outpatient setting unless severe disease (e.g. bacteremia) is suspected. Empirical therapy for both acute and chronic prostatitis includes monotherapy with either ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or TMP-SMX for at least 6 weeks. When culture results are obtained, antimicrobial therapy may be narrowed down to cover the causative pathogen more adequately. Addition of alpha blocker may be considered for the symptomatic management of bacterial prostatitis. Inflammatory prostatitis may be treated with NSAIDs, allopurinol, or cernilton. Patients not responding to medical therapy or without improvement in the fever after 36 hours of therapy should be investigated for an abscess or any other complication by using ultrasound, CT scan or an MRi.[1]

Medical Therapy

  • The approach to the medical therapy for acute bacterial prostatitis is given below[2]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
History and Physical Examination
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
❑ Urine culture & Urinalysis: All patients
❑ Postvoid residual urine: If suspecting obstruction
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mild to Moderately Ill
TMP/SMX 160/800mg PO BID for 6 weeks
OR
Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO BID for 6 weeks
 
 
 
 
 
Seriously ill or Possible urosepsis
❑ Admit patient
Ampicillin 2g IV q6h
PLUS
Gentamicin 5mg/kg q24h or 1.5mg/kg every eight hours untill afebrile
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fever Persists or Not Improving
❑ Non contrast Pelvic CT with cuts through the prostate or
❑ Transrectal Ultrasonography
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Negative
❑ Modify antibiotics based on culture results
 
 
 
Positive
❑ Confirms diagnosis of Prostatic Abscess
❑ Consult urology for drainage
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Afebrile
TMP/SMX 160/800mg PO BID for 6 weeks
OR
Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO BID for 6 weeks
 
 


Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndorme (CPPS)

  • The approach towards medical therapy for chronic prostatitis (i.e chronic bacterial prostatitis) is as under[2]


 
 
 
 
 
Chronic Prostatitis/CPPS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Predominant urinary symptoms
Alpha blocker
 
 
Combination of urinary and pain symptoms
Finasteride
❑ Non pharmacological therapy ( e.g Biofeedback)
❑ Phytotherapy
❑ Consult Urology
 
 
Predominant pain symptoms
❑ Anti inflammatory drugs
 
 

*Adopted from Ameican Family Physician[2]

Acute and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

  • All patients with bacterial prostatitis (both acute and chronic) require empiric antimicrobial therapy until culture results are obtained.
  • Addition of alpha blocker may be considered for the symptomatic management of bacterial prostatitis. Warm sitz baths may also be helpful.
  • Generally, patients are treated in the outpatient setting. The indications to hospitalize patients include the following:
  • Data on the efficacy of treatment regimens for prostatitis is limited. The choice of antibiotic depends on regional Enterobacteriaceae drug resistance and adequate drug penetration into the prostate tissue.[3]
  • The duration of therapy is controversial. Due to limited penetration of antimicrobial agents into the prostate tissue, therapy for 6 weeks is recommended by experts to prevent development of chronic disease.[4]
  • Patients with prostatitis with evidence of sexually transmitted infections (e.g. Chlamydia or N. gonorrhea) should be treated for both conditions.
To view the treatment of Chlamydia, click here.
To view the treatment of N. gonorrhea, click here.

Antimicrobial regimen

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis

  • 1. Uncomplicated (with low risk of STD pathogens)[5]
  • 1. Outpatient setting
  • 1.1. Empirical therapy
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid for 6 weeks OR Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd for 6 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): TMP-SMX 160 mg PO bid for 6 weeks
  • Note: Nitrofurantoin, commonly used in lower urinary tract infections, should be avoided among men with prostatitis
  • 1.2. Pathogen-directed therapy
  • 1.2.1. Enterobacteriaceae (especially Escherichia coli)
  • Preferred regimen: Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid for 6 weeks OR Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd for 6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: TMP-SMX DS (160 mg TMP) bid for 6 weeks
  • 1.2.2. Enterococcus species
  • Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 500 mg PO q8h for 6 weeks OR Vancomycin 15 mg/kg q12h for 6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Levofloxacin 750 PO qd for 6 weeks OR Linezolid 600 mg q12h for 6 weeks
  • Note (1): Use intravenous therapy if systemically ill; switch to oral therapy when stable
  • Note (2): Amoxicillin is not active against Enterococcus faecium
  • 1.2.5. Healthcare associated
  • 2. Hospitalization
  • 2.1. Empirical therapy
  • Preferred regimen: (Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV bid for 6 weeks OR Levofloxacin 500-750 mg IV qd for 6 weeks) ± (Gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV qd for 6 weeks OR Tobramycin 5 mg/kg IV qd for 6 weeks)
  • Alternative regimen: Ceftriaxone 1 g IV qd for 6 weeks ± (Gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV qd for 6 weeks OR Tobramycin 5 mg/kg IV qd for 6 weeks)
  • Note: Avoid gentamicin/tobramycin among patients with impaired renal function
  • Patients who respond to IV antibiotics should be converted to oral therapy within 1-2 days of symptomatic improvement
  • 2.2. Pathogen-directed therapy
  • Preferred regimen: Ampicillin 2 g IV q6h for 6 weeks
  • Note: Ampicillin is not active against Enterococcus faecium
  • Preferred regimen: Nafcillin 2g IV q4h-q6h for 6 weeks
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15-20 mg/lg/dose q8h-q12h for 6 weeks
  • Note: Each vancomycin dose should not exceed 2 g

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

  • Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis[6] [5]
  • 1. Fluoroquinolone-susceptible organisms
  • Preferred regimen: Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h for at least 6 weeks OR Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd for at least 6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: TMP-SMX single dose DS bid for at least 6 weeks
  • 2. Chlamydia spp.
  • Preferred regimen: Azithromycin 500 mg PO qd for 3 days/week for a total of 3 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 4-6 weeks

Treatment of Sexual Partners

  • Treatment of sexual partners is not necessary in either acute or chronic prostatitis when sexually transmitted infections are ruled out.

Follow-up

  • Patients may be re-evaluated at 7 days following the initiation of therapy. Patients should also be re-evaluated monthly during the administration of antimicrobial therapy regimen.
  • Patients generally report symptomatic improvement at day 2-day 6 of antimicrobial therapy. Patients who fail to respond to antimicrobial therapy should be evaluated for either resistance or development of prostate abscess.
  • A urine culture may be obtained at day 7 of antimicrobial therapy. A negative culture is associated with good prognosis, whereas positive cultures are associated with development of chronic disease and usually warrant the administration of alternative antibiotic regimens.
  • Following recovery, patients should be evaluated to determine possible causes of prostatitis, including structural abnormalities of the urinary tract.

Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndorme (CPPS)

A patient newly diagnosed with chronic prostatitis or CPPS should be considered for the presence of predominant urinary or pain symptoms and started on the following medications[2]

  • 1. Predominant urinary symptoms
  • 2. Combination of urinary and pain symptoms
  • Finasteride
  • Non pharmacological therapy ( e.g Biofeedback)
  • Phytotherapy (use of plants and plant derived products)
  • Consult Urology
  • 3. Predominant pain symptoms

Non-Bacterial Prostatitis

  • Patients with non-bacterial causes of prostatitis should be evaluated thoroughly for structural abnormalities and malignancies.
  • Patients with inflammatory prostatitis and no evidence of bacterial prostatitis may be treated with NSAIDs and/or cernilton and/or allopurinol.
  • The following drugs have been reported to be effective in the symptomatic managemnet of patients with chronic disease:
  • Irritation:
  • Pain:

References

  1. J. Curtis Nickel (2003). "Recommendations for the evaluation of patients with prostatitis". World journal of urology. 21 (2): 75–81. doi:10.1007/s00345-003-0328-1. PMID 12684835. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.
  3. Brede CM, Shoskes DA (2011). "The etiology and management of acute prostatitis". Nat Rev Urol. 8 (4): 207–12. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2011.22. PMID 21403661.
  4. Wagenlehner FM, Weidner W, Naber KG (2007). "Therapy for prostatitis, with emphasis on bacterial prostatitis". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 8 (11): 1667–74. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.11.1667. PMID 17685884.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT (2010). "Treatment of bacterial prostatitis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (12): 1641–52. doi:10.1086/652861. PMID 20459324.
  6. Schaeffer AJ, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the US National Institutes of Health (2004). "NIDDK-sponsored chronic prostatitis collaborative research network (CPCRN) 5-year data and treatment guidelines for bacterial prostatitis". Int J Antimicrob Agents. 24 Suppl 1: S49–52. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.02.009. PMID 15364307.