Premature ventricular contraction causes

Premature ventricular contraction Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2] Radwa AbdElHaras Mohamed AbouZaied, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

Premature ventricular contractions can occur in a healthy person of any age, however, they are more common in patients with underlying heart disease such as ischemic heart disease and structural heart disease. Patients on tricyclic antidepressant are at risk of having PVCs.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

• Acute cardiac allograft rejection
• Acute coronary syndrome
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• NSTEMI
• Pulmonary embolism
• Short QT syndrome
• STEMI

Common Causes

• Alcohol
• Amiodarone
• Anxiety disorder
• Azithromycin
• Caffeine consumption
• Cocaine
• Congestive heart failure
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypertensive heart disease
• Hypokalemia
• Hypomagnesemia
• Inotropes
• Myocardial infarction
• Pseudoephedrine
• Pulmonary artery catheter
• Sympathomimetics
• Tobacco
• Tricyclic antidepressant
• Valvular heart disease

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute coronary syndrome, Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, aortic stenosis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, AV block, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, cor pulmonale, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long QT syndrome, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial contusion, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, NSTEMI, pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, STEMI, Timothy syndrome, torsade de pointes, unstable angina, valvular heart disease, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical / poisoning	Arsenic trioxide, monosodium glutamate
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Almokalant, aminophylline, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, asenapine, astemizole, azimilide, azithromycin, bepridil, chloroquine, cisapride, citalopram, clomipramine, clozapine, cromolyn,cocaine, desipramine, digitalis, digoxin, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, eribulin mesylate, fluconazole, halofantrine, haloperidol, Hydroxocobalamin, ibutilide, imipramine, inotropes, ketanserin, ketoconazole, lidoflazine, lubeluzole, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, moxifloxacin, naratriptan, nicardipine, nilotinib, ondansetron, Oxytocin, pazopanib, pentamidine, Pergolide, phenothiazines, phenylephrine, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, pseudoephedrine, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, saquinavir, sertindole, sotalol, sparfloxacin, sympathomimetics, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, theobromine, thioridazine, tricyclic antidepressants, vandetanib, vemurafenib, vernakalant, voriconazole, vorinostat, ziprasidone
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Cushing's syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis, metabolic syndrome, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, channelopathies, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, Timothy syndrome
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Acute cardiac allograft rejection, cardiac stress test, cardiac transplantation, cardioversion, defibrillation, heart surgery, pulmonary artery catheter, right heart catheterisation
Infectious Disease	Myocarditis, rheumatic fever
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Myotonic dystrophy, Timothy syndrome
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Acid-base disturbances, acidosis, acute starvation, hypercalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypomagnesemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Pheochromocytoma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Amiodarone, amphetamines, chloroquine, clozapine, cocaine, digitalis, halofantrine, haloperidol, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, quinine
Psychiatric	Acute stress disorder, anxiety disorders, bulimia nervosa, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary	Chronic lung disease, COPD, cor pulmonale, hypercapnia, hypoxia, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary embolism, respiratory acidosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Chronic renal failure, electrolyte imbalance, hypokalemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acute cardiac allograft rejection
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Electrocution, myocardial contusion
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Alcohol, caffeine, Idiopathic, tobacco, zero gravity

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Acid-base disturbances
• Acidosis
• Acute cardiac allograft rejection
• Acute coronary syndrome
• Acute starvation
• Acute stress disorder
• Alcohol
• Almokalant
• Aminophylline
• Amiodarone
• Amitriptyline
• Amphetamines
• Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis
• Antiarrhythmics
• Anxiety disorders
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
• Arsenic trioxide
• Asenapine
• Astemizole
• AV block
• Azimilide
• Azithromycin
• Bepridil
• Bulimia nervosa
• Caffeine
• Cardiac stress test
• Cardiac transplantation
• Cardioversion
• Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
• Channelopathies
• Chloroquine
• Chronic lung disease
• Chronic renal failure
• Cisapride
• Citalopram
• Clomipramine
• Clozapine
• Cocaine
• Congenital heart disease
• Congestive heart failure
• COPD
• Cor pulmonale
• Cushing's syndrome
• Defibrillation
• Dehydration
• Desipramine
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Digitalis
• Digoxin
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Diphenhydramine
• Disopyramide
• Dofetilide
• Dolasetron
• Doxepin

• Dronedarone
• Droperidol
• Electrocution
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Eribulin mesylate
• Fluconazole
• Grepafloxacin
• Halofantrine
• Haloperidol
• Heart surgery
• Hydroxocobalamin
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypercapnia
• Hypertensive heart disease
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Hypoglycaemia
• Hypokalemia
• Hypomagnesemia
• Hypothermia
• Hypoxia
• Ibutilide
• Idiopathic
• Imipramine
• Inotropes
• Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
• Ketanserin
• Ketoconazole
• Lidoflazine
• Long QT syndrome
• Lubeluzole
• Metabolic syndrome
• Methadone
• Methadyl acetate
• Methamphetamine
• Midodrine
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Mizolastine
• Moxifloxacin
• Myocardial contusion
• Myocardial infarction
• Myocarditis
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Naratriptan
• Nicardipine
• Nilotinib
• NSTEMI
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Ondansetron
• Oxytocin
• Pazopanib
• Pentamidine
• Pergolide
• Perimyocarditis
• Phenothiazines
• Pheochromocytoma
• Pimozide

• Piperaquine
• Prenylamine
• Probucol
• Procainamide
• Propoxyphene
• Pseudoephedrine
• Pulmonary artery catheter
• Pulmonary embolism
• Quinidine
• Quinine
• Ranolazine
• Respiratory acidosis
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Retigabine
• Rheumatic fever
• Right heart catheterisation
• Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia
• Ritodrine
• Ritonavir
• Romano-Ward syndrome
• Saquinavir
• Short QT syndrome
• Short QT syndrome type 1
• Short QT syndrome type 2
• Short QT syndrome type 3
• Short QT syndrome type 4
• Short QT syndrome type 5
• Sotalol
• Sparfloxacin
• STEMI
• Sympathomimetics
• Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
• Tedisamil
• Telithromycin
• Terfenadine
• Terodiline
• Tetrabenazine
• Theobromine
• Thioridazine
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Timothy syndrome
• Tobacco
• Torsade de pointes
• Tricyclic antidepressants
• Unstable angina
• Valvular heart disease
• Vandetanib
• Vemurafenib
• Vernakalant
• Voriconazole
• Vorinostat
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
• Zero gravity
• Ziprasidone

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

• Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
• Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
• [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

Common causes of [disease name] may include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

OR

• [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
• [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

Genetic Causes

• [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:

• Cause 1
• Cause 2
• Cause 3
• Cause 4
• Cause 5
• Cause 6
• Cause 7
• Cause 8
• Cause 9
• Cause 10