Percentile
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Overview
A percentile is the value of a variable below which a certain percent of observations fall. So the 20th percentile is the value (or score) below which 20 percent of the observations may be found. The term percentile and the related term percentile rank are often used in descriptive statistics as well as in the reporting of scores from norm-referenced tests.
The 25th percentile is also known as the first quartile; the 50th percentile as the median.
There is no standard definition of percentile
[1]
[2]
, however all definitions yield similar results when the number of observations is large. One definition is that the p-th percentile of N ordered values is obtained by first calculating the rank 
, rounding to the nearest integer, and taking the value that corresponds to that rank.
An alternative method, used in many applications, is to use linear interpolation between the two nearest ranks instead of rounding. Specifically, if we have N values v1, v2, v3,...,vN , ranked from least to greatest, define the percentile corresponding to the n-th value as 
In this way, for example, if N = 5 the percentile corresponding to the third value is 
Suppose we now want to calculate the value v corresponding to a percentile p. If p < p1 or p > pN, we take v = v1 or v = vN respectively. Otherwise, we find an integer k such that 
, and take 
[3]
When p = 50, the formula gives the median. When N is even and p = 25, the formula gives the median of the first 
values.
Linked with the percentile function, there is also a weighted percentile, where the percentage in the total weight is counted instead of the total number. In most spreadsheet applications there is no standard function for a weighted percentile. One method for weighted percentile extends the method described above. Suppose we have positive weights w1, w2, w3,...,wN , associated respectively with our N sample values. Let 
be the n-th partial sum of these weights. Then the formulas above are generalized by taking 
and 
Relation between percentile, decile and quartile
- P25 = Q1
- P50 = D5 = Q2 = median value
- P75 = Q3
- P100 = D10 = Q4
- P10 = D1
- P20 = D2
- P30 = D3
- P40 = D4
- P60 = D6
- P70 = D7
- P80 = D8
- P90 = D9
Note: One quartile is equivalent to 25 percentile while 1 decile is equal to 10 percentile.
Examples
When ISPs bill "Burstable" Internet bandwidth, the 95th or 98th percentile usually cuts off the top 5% or 2% of bandwidth peaks in each month, and then bills at the nearest rate. In this way infrequent peaks are ignored, and the customer is charged in a fairer way.
Physicians will often use infant and children's weight and height percentile as a gauge of relative health.
See also
References
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section2/prc252.htm
- ↑ Lane, David. Percentiles. Retrieved on 2007-09-15.
- ↑ Pottel, Hans. Statistical flaws in Excel. Retrieved on 2006-03-22.
- ↑ Matlab Statistics Toolbox - Percentiles. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
External links
- Free Online Software (Calculator) computes Percentiles for any dataset according to 8 different percentile definitions.
- Introductory tutorial on percentiles and other quantiles - aimed at the non-mathematically minded
da:Percentil Perzentilit:Percentile nl:Percentielsv:Percentilur:صدک
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
