Parkinson's disease causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Overview

The most common cause of Parkinson disease are sporadic and idiopathic, there are some underlying cause for this disease including genetics, drugs, oxidative stress, iron metabolism, immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms and protein misfolding.

Causes

Common causes

The most common causes of Parkinson disease include:

  • Genetics
    • There are some evidence showing that there is an association between PD and genetic.
    • This role is higher when Parkinson disease occurs in the individual younger than 50 years old.[1]
    • These studies also demonstrate that if a person has a first degree with PD, the risk of developing PD is 2 to 3 times higher than normal population. Conversely, in 25 to 50 % of PD patients we can find at least one first degree having PD.[2]
    • Some of specific genes involving in PD are:
  • Drugs
    • Antiemetic and antipsychotic drugs are mostly the cause. They can cause akathisia and orofacial dyskinesia which in these cases we can differentiate them from idiopathic PD but sometimes they are similar to PD and have symmetrical resting tremor.[9][10][11][12][13]
    • The drug 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, an analog of mepridine is found to be associated with PD. The oxidation of this drug produces 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridium which inhibits complex one of mitochondria and result in cell damage. Studies showed that the activity of this complex is decreased in PD patients.[14][15][16]

References

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