Panton-Valentine leukocidin

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Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a cytotoxin—one of the β-pore forming toxins. Presence of PVL is associated with extremely high virulence in species of Staphylococcus aureus. It is nearly always found in isolates of community-acquired S. aureus infections. PVL is produced from the genetic material of a bacteriophage which infects Staphylococcus aureus, making it more virulent.[1]

History

It was initially discovered by Van deVelde in 1894 due to its ability to lyse leukocytes. It was named after Panton and Valentine when they associated it with soft tissue infections in 1932.[2]

Mechanism of action

Clinical effects

PVL causes leukocyte destruction and necrotizing pneumonia, an aggressive condition that often kills patients within 72 hours.[3] It has played a role in a number of outbreaks of fatal bacterial infections.[4] PVL may increase the expression of staphylococcal protein A, a key pro-inflammatory factor for pneumonia.[5]

Epidemiology

Community-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is particularly difficult to treat when it carries PVL. Genetic analysis shows that PVL CA-MRSA has emerged several times, on different continents, rather than being the worldwide spread of a single clone.[6]


References

  1. Lina G, Piémont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter M, Gauduchon V, Vandenesch F, Etienne J (1999). "Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia". Clin Infect Dis. 29 (5): 1128–32. PMID 10524952. Retrieved on September 1, 2006
  2. Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS (2007). "Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of Panton–Valentine leukocidin". Lab Invest. 87: 3–9. doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700501. PMID 17146447.
  3. "Staph Toxin Can Trigger Deadly Pneumonia". Forbes. 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
  4. Nigel Hawkes. "Baby's death linked to hospital bug". Retrieved December 22. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. "Staphylococcus aureus Toxin Can Cause Necrotizing Pneumonia". Medscape. 2007-01-18. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
  6. Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright M, Lina G, Nimmo G, Heffernan H, Liassine N, Bes M, Greenland T, Reverdy M, Etienne J (2003). "Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence" (PDF). Emerg Infect Dis. 9 (8): 978–84. PMID 12967497. Retrieved 2007-02-15. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

nl:Panton-Valentine leukocidine

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