POLH
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Polymerase (DNA directed), eta, also known as POLH, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the POLH gene.[1][2][3]
Function
This gene encodes a member of the Y family of specialized DNA polymerases. It copies undamaged DNA with a lower fidelity than other DNA-directed polymerases. However, it accurately replicates UV-damaged DNA; when thymine dimers are present, this polymerase inserts the complementary nucleotides in the newly synthesized DNA, thereby bypassing the lesion and suppressing the mutagenic effect of UV-induced DNA damage. This polymerase is thought to be involved in hypermutation during immunoglobulin class switch recombination.[1] Mutations in this gene result in XPV, a variant type of xeroderma pigmentosum.[4]
Clinical significance
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive human disease characterized by sunlight sensitivity, cutaneous and ocular deterioration, and premature malignant skin neoplasms after exposure to sunlight. XP has been classified into eight complementation groups, XP-A to XP-G and XP-V. Cells from XP-A to XP-G patients have defects in the process of nucleotide excision repair (NER), which eliminates a wide variety of structurally unrelated lesions, including ultraviolet light (UV)-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and (6-4) photoproducts, as well as certain chemical adducts. The genes and proteins of XP groups A, B, C, D, F and G have been isolated and found to represent some of the subunits of the core NER machinery. In contrast, cells belonging to the eighth group, XP variant (XP-V), are NER-proficient but display abnormal DNA replication, including reduced ability to elongate nascent DNA strands on UV-irradiated DNA. Thus, the XP-V gene product is likely to be involved in the process of DNA replication on damaged DNA known as post-replication repair, but not in NER
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: POLH polymerase (DNA directed), eta".
- ↑ Masutani C, Kusumoto R, Yamada A, Dohmae N, Yokoi M, Yuasa M, Araki M, Iwai S, Takio K, Hanaoka F (1999). "The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta". Nature. 399 (6737): 700–4. doi:10.1038/21447. PMID 10385124. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Johnson RE, Kondratick CM, Prakash S, Prakash L (1999). "hRAD30 mutations in the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum". Science (journal). 285 (5425): 263–5. PMID 10398605. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Stary A, Sarasin A (2002). "Molecular mechanisms of UV-induced mutations as revealed by the study of DNA polymerase eta in human cells". Res. Microbiol. 153 (7): 441–5. PMID 12405351. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)
Further reading
- Masutani C, Kusumoto R, Yamada A; et al. (1999). "The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta". Nature. 399 (6737): 700–4. doi:10.1038/21447. PMID 10385124.
- Johnson RE, Kondratick CM, Prakash S, Prakash L (1999). "hRAD30 mutations in the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum". Science. 285 (5425): 263–5. PMID 10398605.
- Masutani C, Kusumoto R, Iwai S, Hanaoka F (2000). "Mechanisms of accurate translesion synthesis by human DNA polymerase eta". EMBO J. 19 (12): 3100–9. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.12.3100. PMID 10856253.
- Yamada A, Masutani C, Iwai S, Hanaoka F (2000). "Complementation of defective translesion synthesis and UV light sensitivity in xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells by human and mouse DNA polymerase eta". Nucleic Acids Res. 28 (13): 2473–80. PMID 10871396.
- Yuasa M, Masutani C, Eki T, Hanaoka F (2000). "Genomic structure, chromosomal localization and identification of mutations in the xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) gene". Oncogene. 19 (41): 4721–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203842. PMID 11032022.
- Itoh T, Linn S, Kamide R; et al. (2001). "Xeroderma pigmentosum variant heterozygotes show reduced levels of recovery of replicative DNA synthesis in the presence of caffeine after ultraviolet irradiation". J. Invest. Dermatol. 115 (6): 981–5. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00154.x. PMID 11121129.
- Zeng X, Winter DB, Kasmer C; et al. (2001). "DNA polymerase eta is an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes". Nat. Immunol. 2 (6): 537–41. doi:10.1038/88740. PMID 11376341.
- Matsuda T, Bebenek K, Masutani C; et al. (2001). "Error rate and specificity of human and murine DNA polymerase eta". J. Mol. Biol. 312 (2): 335–46. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4937. PMID 11554790.
- Haracska L, Johnson RE, Unk I; et al. (2001). "Physical and functional interactions of human DNA polymerase eta with PCNA". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (21): 7199–206. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.21.7199-7206.2001. PMID 11585903.
- Glick E, Vigna KL, Loeb LA (2002). "Mutations in human DNA polymerase eta motif II alter bypass of DNA lesions". EMBO J. 20 (24): 7303–12. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.24.7303. PMID 11743006.
- Limoli CL, Giedzinski E, Bonner WM, Cleaver JE (2002). "UV-induced replication arrest in the xeroderma pigmentosum variant leads to DNA double-strand breaks, gamma -H2AX formation, and Mre11 relocalization". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (1): 233–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.231611798. PMID 11756691.
- Broughton BC, Cordonnier A, Kleijer WJ; et al. (2002). "Molecular analysis of mutations in DNA polymerase eta in xeroderma pigmentosum-variant patients". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2): 815–20. doi:10.1073/pnas.022473899. PMID 11773631.
- Chiapperino D, Kroth H, Kramarczuk IH; et al. (2002). "Preferential misincorporation of purine nucleotides by human DNA polymerase eta opposite benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide deoxyguanosine adducts". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (14): 11765–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112139200. PMID 11821420.
- Kusumoto R, Masutani C, Iwai S, Hanaoka F (2002). "Translesion synthesis by human DNA polymerase eta across thymine glycol lesions". Biochemistry. 41 (19): 6090–9. PMID 11994004.
- Yavuz S, Yavuz AS, Kraemer KH, Lipsky PE (2002). "The role of polymerase eta in somatic hypermutation determined by analysis of mutations in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum variant". J. Immunol. 169 (7): 3825–30. PMID 12244178.
- Kannouche P, Fernández de Henestrosa AR, Coull B; et al. (2003). "Localization of DNA polymerases eta and iota to the replication machinery is tightly co-ordinated in human cells". EMBO J. 21 (22): 6246–56. PMID 12426396.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.
- Zheng H, Wang X, Warren AJ; et al. (2003). "Nucleotide excision repair- and polymerase eta-mediated error-prone removal of mitomycin C interstrand cross-links". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (2): 754–61. PMID 12509472.
- Yang IY, Miller H, Wang Z; et al. (2003). "Mammalian translesion DNA synthesis across an acrolein-derived deoxyguanosine adduct. Participation of DNA polymerase eta in error-prone synthesis in human cells". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (16): 13989–94. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212535200. PMID 12584190.
- Kannouche P, Fernández de Henestrosa AR, Coull B; et al. (2003). "Localization of DNA polymerases eta and iota to the replication machinery is tightly co-ordinated in human cells". EMBO J. 22 (5): 1223–33. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf618. PMID 12606586.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.