Ovarian cancer differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D. Huda A. Karman, M.D.

Overview

On the basis of age of onset, vaginal discharge, and constitutional symptoms, ovarian cancer must be differentiated from tubo-ovarian abscess, ectopic pregnancy, hydrosalpinx, salpingitis, fallopian tube carcinoma, uterine leiomyoma, choriocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, pregnancy, appendiceal abscess, appendiceal neoplasm, diverticular abscess, colorectal cancer, pelvic kidney, advanced bladder cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma.

Differentiating ovarian cancer from other Diseases

Differentiating ovarian cancer from other diseases on the basis of age of onset, vaginal discharge and constitutional symptoms

On the basis of age of onset, vaginal discharge, and constitutional symptoms, ovarian cancer must be differentiated from tubo-ovarian abscess, ectopic pregnancy, hydrosalpinx, salpingitis, fallopian tube carcinoma, uterine leiomyoma, choriocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, pregnancy, appendiceal abscess, appendiceal neoplasm, diverticular abscess, colorectal cancer, pelvic kidney, advanced bladder cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Age of onset Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Immunohistopathology
Pelvic/abdominal pain or pressure Vaginal bleeding/discharge GI dysturbance Fever Tenderness CT scan/US MRI
Gynecologic
Ovarian Follicular cysts
[1]
+/– +/–
  • In US we may see a >3 cm simple cyst with no internal echo and with posterior acoustic enhancement
  • NA
Theca lutein cysts
[2][3][4]
+/– +/–
Serous cystadenoma/carcinoma
[5][6][7][8]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–
  • In US we may see simple or multiloculated cyst
  • In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see papillary projection inside the cyst
  • In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see ascites
  • We may see a simple cyst with beak sign, hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2
  • We may see some Solid malignant components inside the cyst with intermediate signal on T1 and T2
Mucinous cystadenoma/carcinoma
[9][10][11]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–
  • Stained glass appearance due to variable signal intensity on T1 and T2
  • The more mucin we have, there is more intensity on T1
  • and less intensity on T2
Endometrioma
[12][13][14]
+ + +/– +
  • hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and a hypointensity on T2-weighted images
  • Powder burn hemorrhages
Teratoma
[15][16][17][18]
  • 10-30 y/o
+/– +/–
  • We may see evidence of fat components
Dysgerminoma
[19][20]
  • in the second to third decade of life
+ +/– +/–
  • We may see ovarian mass with septation which are hyperintense on T1 and hypo or isointense on T2 imaging
  • Sheets fried egg appearance cells
Yolk sac tumor
[21][22][23]
+ +
  • High levels of AFP
  • In US we may see a combination of echogenic and hypoechoic components
  • Yellow appearance
  • Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruli like structures)
Fibroma
[24][25][26]
  • >50 y/o
  • Pulling sensation in the groin
+/–
  • In CT scan we may see a unilateral mass with poor contrast enhancement
  • Low signal intensity on T1 and T2
Thecoma
[27][28][29]
  • >50 y/o
+/–
Granulosa cell tumor
[30][31][32][33]
  • 50-60 y/o
+ +/–
Sertoli-leydig cell tumor
[34][35]
  • 15 to 35 y/o
+/–
  • In US we may see unilateral Well-defined hypoechoic lesion
  • Low T2 signal intensity
  • areas of high signal intensity
Brenner tumor
[36][37]
  • >55 y/o
+/–
  • Hypointense on T2 because of fibrous content
  • Most of the times it's an accidental finding
Krukenberg tumor
[38][39]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–

Based on underlying malignancy

Tubal tubo-ovarian abscess
[40][41][42][43]
+ + + +
  • hypointense in T1 and heterogeneous in T2
Ectopic pregnancy
[44]
+ + +/– +
  • NA
  • NA
Hydrosalpinx
[45][46][47]
  • NA
+ +/–
  • NA
Salpingitis
[48]
+ + + +
  • In US we may see , edematous and thickened endosalpingeal folds
  • NA
  • NA
Fallopian tube carcinoma
[49]
  • >60 y/o
+ + + +/–
  • Low signal on T1
  • In case of hemorrhage inside the tumor we may see high signal intensity on T1
  • Low or of intermediate signal on T2
  • Based on the tumor type we may have different biopsy finding
Uterine Leiomyoma
[50][51]
+ + +/–
  • Low to intermediate signal intensity on T1 and T2
  • In case of necrosis inside the mass, there might be some high signal lesions on T2
Choriocarcinoma
[52][53][54][55]
+ + +/– +
  • We may see an infiltrative uterine mass and thickening of uterine wall
Leiomyosarcoma
[56][57][58][59][60]
  • >55 y/o
+ + +/–
  • Increased uterine size
  • Irregular central zones of low signal intensity (tumor necrosis)
Pregnancy
[61]
+/− +/− +/−
  • NA
Non-gynecologic
GIT Appendiceal abscess
[62]
  • NA
+ + +/– +
  • NA
Appendiceal neoplasm
[63][64][65][66][67]
+ + +/–
  • Soft tissue mass in the appendix
  • We may see invasion to other structures
  • Gray/yellowi color
  • Cystic structures with angiolymphatic invasion
Diverticular abscess
[72]
  • >50 y/o
+ + +/– +
  • Ill-defined lesion with air and fluid inside
  • Adjacent bowel loop wall thickening
  • Smudged mesenteric fat
  • We may see a lesion with air and fluid inside
  • NA
Colorectal cancer
[68][69][70][71]
  • >50 y/o
+ + +/–
  • We may see tumor mass and the extension of tumor to other structures
Renal

Bladder

Pelvic kidney
[73][74]
  • NA
−/+

In case of sever hydronephrosis or renal stone we may have pelvic pain

  • We may see normal kidney structure
  • NA
  • It may cause tract infection (UTI), obstruction, and renal calculi.
  • It may be associated with RCC
Bladder cancer
[75][76][77]
  • ≥65 y/o
+
  • isointense compared to muscle in T1
  • slightly hyperintense compared to muscle in T2
Others Retroperitoneal sarcoma
[78][79][80][81]
  • 40-50 y/o
+ +

ABBREVIATIONS

BTA=Bladder tumor associated antigen, NMP= Nuclear matrix proteins, CEA= Carcinoembryonic antigen, US= Ultrasound, HCG= Human chorionic gonadotropin, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, AFP= Alpha fitoprotein, CA125= Cancer antigen 125, H&E= Hematoxylin and eosin, MRI= Magnetic resonance imaging, GI= Gastrointestinal tract, PID= Pelvic inflammatory disease, CA19-9= Carbohydrate antigen 19-9, 5HIAA= 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, MEN syndrome= Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, HNPCC= Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, UTI= Urinary tract infection, RCC= Renal cell carcinoma

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