Orthorexia nervosa
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Orthorexia, or orthorexia nervosa is a term coined by Dr. Steven Bratman, a Colorado MD, to denote an eating disorder characterized by a fixation on eating what the sufferer considers to be healthful food, which can ultimately lead to early death.[1][2]
Bratman coined the term in 1997 from the Greek orthos, "correct or right", and orexis for "appetite"[3]. Literally "correct appetite", the word is modeled on anorexia, "without appetite". Bratman describes orthorexia as an unhealthy obsession (as in obsessive-compulsive disorder) with what the sufferer considers to be healthy eating. The subject may avoid certain foods, such as those containing fats, preservatives, or animal products, and suffer malnutrition. Dr. Bratman asserts that "emaciation is common among followers of health food diets."[1][4]
According to the Macmillan English Dictionary, the word is entering the English lexicon.[5], though the condition is not listed in the DSM-IV[6]. Bratman's concept has been criticized by some medical professionals, who state that focusing on healthful diet is generally considered beneficial and does not indicate a psychological pathology[citation needed]. However, the criticism is not universal in that Orthorexia is used as a diagnosis by some practitioners who have documented the damaging results of the condition, as they have seen in their practices.[7][8][9]
Diagnostic criteria
As of January 2007, two peer-reviewed studies have been published on the condition. [10] [11] In the studies, Donini et al define orthorexia nervosa as a "maniacal obsession for healthy foods" and propose several diagnostic criteria.[10] Sufferers of orthorexia often display symptoms consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder and have an exaggerated concern with healthy eating patterns. A diagnostic questionnaire has been developed for orthorexia sufferers, similar to questionnaires for other eating disorders.[11]
Dr. Bratman proposes his own test: "Do you care more about the virtue of what you eat than the pleasure you receive from eating it?" [12] Dietary and medical experts respond that eating for the pleasure one receives from food is known as emotional eating.
Symptoms and their possible explanations
Symptoms of orthorexia nervosa may include obsession with healthy eating, emaciation, and death by starvation. Orthorexic subjects typically have specific feelings towards different types of food. Preserved products are described as "dangerous", industrially produced products as "artificial", and biological products as "healthy". Sufferers demonstrate a strong or uncontrollable desire to eat when feeling nervous, excited, happy or guilty. Orthorexia nervosa has a higher prevalence in men and in those with a lower level of education.[10]
Biology of orthorexia nervosa
There has been no investigation into whether there may be a biological cause specific to orthorexia nervosa. However, Donini et al link orthorexia to a food-centered manifestation of obsessive compulsive disorder, which is thought to have specific biological causes.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Orthorexia Home Page by Steven Bratman, MD
- ↑ Health Food Junkies Essay by Dr. Bratman, reprinted from Yoga Journal, October 1997
- ↑ S. Bratman, D. Knight: Health food junkies. Broadway Books, New York, 2000.
- ↑ Palo Alto Medical Foundation Summary of Eating Disorders
- ↑ Macmillan English Dictionary entry for Orthorexia Nervosa
- ↑ http://www.bulimiaguide.org/summary/detail.aspx?doc_id=9380
- ↑ Web MD report: Orthorexia: Good Diets Gone Bad
- ↑ Orthorexia: Too Healthy? Specialists have coined a new term-orthorexia-to describe an obsessive concern with healthy eating that often leads to social isolation, Psychology Today, Sept/Oct 2004.
- ↑ Observer Guardian Newspaper, Sept 9, 2001, column reporting on Orthorexia
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Donini L, Marsili D, Graziani M, Imbriale M, Cannella C (2004). "Orthorexia nervosa: a preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon". Eat Weight Disord. 9 (2): 151–7. PMID 15330084.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Donini L, Marsili D, Graziani M, Imbriale M, Cannella C (2005). "Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire". Eat Weight Disord. 10 (2): e28–32. PMID 16682853.
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4389849.stm
[[ca:Ortorèxia] da:Ortoreksi de:Orthorexia nervosa nl:Orthorexia nervosa fi:Ortoreksia sv:Ortorexi