Odynophagia causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sunny Kumar MD [2]

Overview:

The causes of odynophagia are disorders effecting sensory nerves of esophagus and pharynx.

Causes

Following are the causes of odynophagia.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Common Causes

Less common causes :

Following are less common causes divided on basis of anatomical level of location.

Disorders of esophagus:

  1. Mechanical causes:

Following is the list of disorders which cause pain on swallowing due to mass effect or pressure on esophagus while food passes through it:

  • Achalasia cardia
  • Esophageal cancer
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Botulism
  •  Goiter
  • Diabetic neuropathy
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Riedel thyroiditis
  •  Barrett's oesophagus
  • Diverticulum
  • Esophageal achalasia
  • Esophageal atresia
  • Esophageal spasm
  • Esophageal stricture
  • Fibrosis
  • Intramural pseudodiverticulosis
  • Peptic stenosis
  • Schatzki ring
  • Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Brainstem stroke
  • Bulbar palsy
  • Central vagal nucleus lesion
  • Cerebrovascular accident
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • Huntington's chorea
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Neuroferritinopathy
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Polyradiculitis
  • Syringobulbia
  • Vagal disorder
  • Diabetic neuropathy
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
  • Bronchial carcinoma
  • Carcinoma of the vocal tract
  • Carotid body tumor
  • Esophageal cancer
  • Gastric tumors
  • Laryngeal cancer
  • Leiomyoma
  • Bronchial carcinoma
  • Esophageal trauma
  • Aspiration of foreign body

2. Inflammatory causes:

Following is the list of disorders which cause pain on swallowing due to irritation of nerves because of inflamed mucosa of esophagus while food passes through it:

  • Chemical burns
  • Ibandronate
  • Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
  •  Esophagitis
  • Gastritis
  • Gastroesophageal reflux
  • Crohn's disease
  • Eosinophilic esophagitis
  • Radiation esophagitis
  • Abscesses
  • Candidiasis
  • Chagas Disease
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Esophageal moniliasis
  • HIV/AIDS,
  • Reflux esophagitis
  • Typhoid fever
  • Allergic swelling
  • Behcet's Syndrome
  • CREST syndrome
  • Dermatomyositis
  • Esophageal sarcoidosis
  • Inclusion body myositis
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • Xerostomia
  • Alcoholism

Disorders of pharynx

  1. Mechanical causes:

Following is the list of disorders which cause pain on swallowing due to mass effect or pressure on phyarynx while food passes through it:

  • Zenkers diverticulum
  • Cricopharyngeal spasm
  • Oral submucous fibrosis
  • Palatoplegia
  • Palate cancer
  • Supraglottic laryngeal cancer
  • Xerostomia
  • Agranulocytosis
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Elongated styloid process
  • Extreme spinal curvature
  • Global hystericus
  • Schatzki ring
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Brainstem stroke
  • Bulbar palsy
  • Central hypoglossal nerve paralysis
  • Central vagal nucleus lesion
  • Cerebrovascular accident
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • Huntington's chorea
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
  • Neuroferritinopathy
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Polyradiculitis
  • Vagal disorder
  • Diabetic neuropathy
  • Bronchial carcinoma
  • Carcinoma of the vocal tract
  • Hypopharyngeal cancer
  • Laryngeal cancer
  • Leiomyoma
  • Oral cancer
  • Palate cancer
  • Supraglottic laryngeal cancer

2.Inflammatory causes:

Following is the list of disorders which cause pain on swallowing due to irritation of nerves because of inflamed mucosa of phyranx while food passes through it:

  • Pharyngitis
  • Tonsillitis
  • Laryngitis
  •  Epiglottitis
  • Glossitis
  •  Retropharyngeal absces
  • Acute pharyngitis
  • Adenoiditis
  • Angina tonsillaris
  • Diphtheria
  • Herpangina
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
  • Herpes stomatitis
  • Mononucleosis
  • Mumps
  • Oral candidiasis
  • Paracoccidioidomycosis
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Scarlet Fever
  • Tonsillar abscess
  • Tooth infection

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aortic aneurysm, Double aortic arch, Enlarged left atrium, Mediastinitis, Mitral valve stenosis
Chemical / poisoning Botulism, Chemical burns
Dermatologic Scleroderma
Drug Side Effect ibandronate, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Ear Nose Throat Cricopharyngeal spasm, Epiglottitis, Esophagotracheal fistula, Glossitis, Goiter, Gum disease, Laryngitis, Oral submucous fibrosis, Oral ulcers, Palatoplegia, Stomatitis, Zenker's Diverticulum, Herpangina, Retropharyngeal abscess, Palate cancer, Supraglottic laryngeal cancer , Xerostomia
Endocrine Diabetic neuropathy, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Riedel thyroiditis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Achalasia, Barrett's oesophagus, Diverticulum, Esophageal achalasia, Esophageal atresia, Esophageal spasm, Esophageal stricture, Esophagitis, Fibrosis, Gastritis, Gastroesophageal reflux, Intramural pseudodiverticulosis, Peptic stenosis, Schatzki ring, Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, Crohn's disease, Eosinophilic esophagitis
Genetic Opitz-Frias syndrome
Hematologic Agranulocytosis, Lymphadenopathy
Iatrogenic Radiation esophagitis
Infectious Disease Abscesses, Acute pharyngitis, Adenoiditis, Angina tonsillaris, Candidiasis, Chagas Disease, Cytomegalovirus, Diphtheria, Esophageal moniliasis, Flu, Herpangina, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Herpes stomatitis, HIV/AIDS, Mononucleosis, Mumps, Oral candidiasis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Pharyngitis, Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Reflux esophagitis, Respiratory tract infections, Retropharyngeal abscess, Scarlet Fever, Tetanus, Tonsillar abscess, Tooth infection, Typhoid fever
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Elongated styloid process, Extreme spinal curvature, Global hystericus, Schatzki ring, Leiomyoma, Dermatomyositis, Myasthenia Gravis
Neurologic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Brainstem stroke, Bulbar palsy, Central hypoglossal nerve paralysis, Central vagal nucleus lesion, Cerebrovascular accident, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Huntington's chorea, Multiple Sclerosis, Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, Neuroferritinopathy, Peripheral neuropathy, Polyradiculitis, Syringobulbia, Vagal disorder, Diabetic neuropathy, Poliomyelitis
Nutritional / Metabolic Gaucher's disease, Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Bronchial carcinoma, Carcinoma of the vocal tract, Carotid body tumor, Esophageal cancer, Gastric tumors, Hypopharyngeal cancer, Laryngeal cancer, Leiomyoma, Oral cancer, Palate cancer, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Supraglottic laryngeal cancer
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Anxiety disorders
Pulmonary Bronchial carcinoma
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic swelling, Amyloidosis, Behcet's Syndrome, CREST syndrome , Crohn's disease, Dermatomyositis, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal sarcoidosis, Graft versus host reaction, Inclusion body myositis, Myasthenia Gravis, Parkinson's Disease, Riedel thyroiditis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Scleroderma, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic sclerosis, Xerostomia
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Esophageal trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcoholism, Aspiration of foreign body

Causes in Alphabetical Order [20] [21]


References

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  27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1523/

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