Muscle weakness and Atrophy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Iqra Qamar M.D.[2]

Differential Diagnosis of Muscle weakness and Atrophy

Organ system Disease Symptoms History Physical

Examination

Diagnosis
Age of onset Muscle weakness Fever Myalgia Contractures Gait abnormality Neuropathy Atrophy Stiffness Myoglobinuria Other features Laboratory Findings Creatine Kinase Muscle Biopsy Electromyogram
Medication−induced Corticosteroids[1] Variable Proximal + +
  • Positive h/o medications
  • Facial and sphincter muscles are usually spared
  • Normal
  • Normal
  • Normal
Endocrine Cushing's disease[2] 25 −45 Proximal +
  • N/A
  • Normal
  • Atrophy of type 2 muscle fibers, especially type 2B
Normal
Hyperthyroidism[3] 40 Proximal + + +
  • ↑↑
  • Non specific
Hypothyroidism[4] 55 Proximal + + + + + Rhabdomyolysis
  • ↑↑
  • Nonspecific 
  • Normal
Diabetic infraction[5] 45  Proximal + + + +
  • Normal
  • Normal
Organ system Disease Age of onset Muscle weakness Fever Myalgia Contractures Gait abnormality Neuropathy Atrophy Stiffness Myoglobinuria Other features History Physical

Examination

Laboratory Findings Creatine Kinase Muscle Biopsy Electromyogram
Genetic Becker muscular dystrophy[6] <13yrs Proximal + + +
  • Positive Grower sign
  • ↑↑
    • Muscle fibril degeneration, regeneration
    • Isolated fiber hypertrophy
    • Muscle replacement with fat and connective tissue
Duchenne muscular dystrophy[7] <13 yrs Proximal + + +
  • Early onset
  • Positive Grower sign
  • ↑↑
Limb−girdle muscular dystrophies[8] <15 yrs Proximal + + + +
  • LMNA gene
  • CAV3 gene
  • ↑↑
  • N/A
Glycogen storage disease[9] Variable Proximal +
  • ↑↑
  • Normal
  • Normal
Infectious Polio[10] <5 yrs Proximal + + +
  • History of skipped immunization.
  • Isolation from pharyngealsecretions, CSF
  • Positive serology
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Neurological pattern
Neurologic ALS[11] >35 Proximal
&
Distal
  • Distal
+ + +
  • N/A
  • Clinical diagnosis
  • Normal
  • Nonspecific findings of chronic denervation with reinnervation
  • Neuropathic
Stroke[12] >65 Proximal
&
distal
+ + +
  • Weakness of the involved arm
  • Head CT
  • Normal
  • Normal
  • Neuropathic

References

  1. Gupta A, Gupta Y (September 2013). "Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 17 (5): 913–6. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.117215. PMC 3784879. PMID 24083177.
  2. Sharma V, Borah P, Basumatary LJ, Das M, Goswami M, Kayal AK (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 17 (3): 298–302. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.138505. PMC 4162016. PMID 25221399.
  3. Li Q, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Tian H, Li J, Li S (July 2017). "Myopathy in hyperthyroidism as a consequence of rapid reduction of thyroid hormone: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (30): e7591. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007591. PMC 5627834. PMID 28746208.
  4. Khaleeli AA, Griffith DG, Edwards RH (September 1983). "The clinical presentation of hypothyroid myopathy and its relationship to abnormalities in structure and function of skeletal muscle". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 19 (3): 365–76. PMID 6627693.
  5. Horton WB, Taylor JS, Ragland TJ, Subauste AR (2015). "Diabetic muscle infarction: a systematic review". BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 3 (1): e000082. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000082. PMC 4410119. PMID 25932331.
  6. Flanigan KM (August 2014). "Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies". Neurol Clin. 32 (3): 671–88, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.05.002. PMID 25037084.
  7. Flanigan KM (August 2014). "Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies". Neurol Clin. 32 (3): 671–88, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.05.002. PMID 25037084.
  8. Guglieri M, Straub V, Bushby K, Lochmüller H (October 2008). "Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies". Curr. Opin. Neurol. 21 (5): 576–84. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32830efdc2. PMID 18769252.
  9. Kannourakis G (April 2002). "Glycogen storage disease". Semin. Hematol. 39 (2): 103–6. PMID 11957192.
  10. Howard RS (June 2005). "Poliomyelitis and the postpolio syndrome". BMJ. 330 (7503): 1314–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7503.1314. PMC 558211. PMID 15933355.
  11. Zarei S, Carr K, Reiley L, Diaz K, Guerra O, Altamirano PF, Pagani W, Lodin D, Orozco G, Chinea A (2015). "A comprehensive review of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Surg Neurol Int. 6: 171. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.169561. PMC 4653353. PMID 26629397.
  12. Baldwin K, Orr S, Briand M, Piazza C, Veydt A, McCoy S (May 2010). "Acute ischemic stroke update". Pharmacotherapy. 30 (5): 493–514. doi:10.1592/phco.30.5.493. PMID 20412000.