Lymphadenopathy causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]Delband Yekta Moazami, M.D.[4] Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD

Overview

The most common causes of lymphadenopathy include infections, cancers, and connective tissue disorders. The enlargement of the lymph nodes may be of infectious, bacterial, malignant, protozoan origin and may also be caused by live vaccines. Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus cause infectious mononucleosis. Yersinia pestis causes swelling of the lymph node so large that it can be seen under the skin, which causes the bubonic plague. These lymph nodes can become necrotic and are called buboes. Cat-scratch disease, cutaneous anthrax, and tuberculous lymphadenitis are other bacterial infections. African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and toxoplasmosis are protozoal infections. Neoplastic causes of lymphadenopathy are primary and secondary. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma give lymphadenopathy in all or a few lymph nodes. Secondary: metastasis, Virchow's Node, neuroblastoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Autoimmune causes include systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis may have generalized lymphadenopathy.

Causes

Common Causes

Common causes of lymphadenopathy may include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Apo a-i deficiency
Chemical/Poisoning Anthrax, Black widow spider venom, Zinc
Dental Lip cancer
Dermatologic Aphthous stomatitis, Asymmetric periflexural exanthem , Dermatomyositis, Erysipelas, Erythroderma, Gingivostomatitis, Infantile papular acrodermatitis, Leprosy, Mastitis, Measles, Melanoma, Mumps, Sarcoidosis, Spotted fevers, Yaws
Drug Side Effect Allopurinol, Atenolol, Bcg vaccine, Captopril, Carbamazepine, Cephalosporins, Certolizumab pegol, Hydralazine, Infliximab, Oxaprozin, Penicillin, Penicillium marneffei, Phenytoin, Pinta, Pneumococcal vaccine 13-valent  , Primidone, Pyrimethamine, Quinidine, Sulfonamides, Sulindac, Tiagabine, Typhoid vaccination
Ear Nose Throat Aphthous stomatitis, Kikuchi's disease, Lymphangioma, Lymphangitis, Lymphatic filariasis, Lymphoma, Malignant lymphoma, Mesenteric adenitis, Sinus histiocytosis, Streptococcal pharyngitis, Vincent's angina
Endocrine Castleman's disease, Chediak-higashi syndrome, Hyperthyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Brucellosis, Colorectal cancer, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Stomach cancer, Whipple's disease
Genetic Chediak-higashi syndrome, Churg-strauss syndrome, Faisalabad histiocytosis, Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Familial histiocytic reticulosis, Griscelli disease, Lipogranulomatosis, Rosai-dorfman disease, Siccardi syndrome, Sphingomyelinase deficiency, Wt limb blood syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome
Hematologic Acute lymphatic leukemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Addison's disease, Adult t cell leukemia, Apo a-i deficiency, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1, Caspase-8 deficiency, Chancroid, Chronic lymphatic leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Churg-strauss syndrome, Cutaneous t cell lymphoma, Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Familial histiocytic reticulosis, Hairy cell leukaemia, Hemoblastosis, Histiocytosis x, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hyperimmunoglobulinemia d , Kawasaki disease, Large granular lymphocyte leukemia, Lassa fever, Leukemia, Macroglobulinemia, Myeloproliferative disorder, Non-hodgkin's lymphoma, Plasma cell leukemia, Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Pseudolymphoma, Septicaemia, Siccardi syndrome, Sinus histiocytosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Yersinia pestis
Iatrogenic Bcg vaccine, Pneumococcal vaccine 13-valent  , Radiotherapy, Typhoid vaccination
Infectious Disease Bacteria:

Anthrax, Borrelia burgdorferi, Boutonneuse fever, Brucellosis, Cat scratch disease, Congenital tuberculosis, Erysipelas, Granuloma inguinale, Lepromatous leprosy, Listeriosis, Lymphogranuloma venereum,Mastitis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium chelonei, Pinta,Plague, Rat-bite fever, Rickettsiae, Scrub typhus, Sennetsu fever, Septicaemia, Spotted fevers,Streptococcal tonsillitis, Syphilis, Three-day fever, Tuberculosis, Tularemia, Typhus fever, Vincent's angina, Yaws, Yersinia pestis

Virus:

AIDS, Cowpox, Coxsackie virus, Cytomegalovirus infection, Dengue, German Measles/Rubella, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Herpes simplex, Infectious mononucleosis, Influenza, Lassa fever, Measles, Mumps,Smallpox, Varicella, Western equine encephalitis

Fungal:

Coccidioidomycosis, Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Sporotrichosis

Parasitic:

African Sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Filaria, Lymphatic filariasis,Onchocerciasis, Opisthorchiasis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Rhabditida Infections, Toxoplasmosis,Trypanosomiasis, Visceral leishmaniasis /Kala-azar, Wuchereria bancrofti

Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Dermatomyositis, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic African sleeping sickness, Western equine encephalitis
Nutritional/Metabolic Lipogranulomatosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Breast cancer, Lymphogranuloma venereum
Oncologic Acute lymphatic leukemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Addison's disease, Adult t cell leukemia, Breast cancer, Chronic lymphatic leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Colorectal cancer, Cutaneous t cell lymphoma, Cystic hygroma, Epstein-barr virus, Gamma heavy chain disease, Granuloma inguinale, Hemangiopericytoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Inflammatory pseudotumor, Kikuchi's disease, Leukemia, Lip cancer, Lymphangioma, Lymphoma, Malignant lymphoma, Melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, Myeloproliferative disorder, Non-hodgkin's lymphoma, Pancoast tumor, Plasma cell leukemia, Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Pseudolymphoma, Reticuloendotheliosis, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Secondary deposits from a local malignancy, Stomach cancer, Systemic mastocytosis, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Congenital tuberculosis, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Histoplasmosis, Pancoast tumor, Pneumoconiosis, Tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Amyloidosis, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, Hemangiopericytoma, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic reticulosis, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatoid disease, Still's disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual Aids, Bejel, Chancroid, Herpes simplex, Herpes virus 2, Hiv-1 disease, Human immunodeficiency virus, Secondary syphilis, Sexually transmitted diseases, Syphilis
Trauma Snake bite , Spider bite
Urologic Granuloma inguinale
Miscellaneous Tang hsi ryu syndrome
  • Common causes of lymphadenopathy, include:[3][4]
  • Infections (acute suppurative)
  • Reactive

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Various causes in alphabetical order:[5][6]


Bihilar Lymphadenopathy

References

  1. ↑ Chris Jennings (1993). "Understanding and Preventing AIDS: A Book for Everyone".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Status and anamnesis, Anders Albinsson. Page 12
  3. ↑ Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A (2014). "Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools". Iran J Med Sci. 39 (2 Suppl): 158–70. PMC 3993046. PMID 24753638.
  4. ↑ Lymph node enlargment. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node Accessed on May 9, 2016
  5. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  6. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
  7. ↑ Blum JA, Neumayr AL, Hatz CF (June 2012). "Human African trypanosomiasis in endemic populations and travellers". Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31 (6): 905–13. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1403-y. PMID 21901632.
  8. ↑ Beukes CA, Thiart J (November 2012). "The incidence of human herpes virus-8 expression in lymph node biopsies from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients". Histopathology. 61 (5): 942–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04291.x. PMID 22716315.
  9. ↑ Mitsuhashi K, Shiseki M, Ishiyama M, Kondo T, Kazama H, Yasunami T, Okamura T, Yoshinaga K, Mori N, Teramura M, Masuda A, Motoji T (July 2011). "[Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with marked polyclonal plasmacytosis in peripheral blood and bone marrow mimicking plasma cell leukemia]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 52 (7): 563–9. PMID 21821991.
  10. ↑ Simonelli S, Gianazza E, Mombelli G, Bondioli A, Ferraro G, Penco S, Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Calabresi L (January 2012). "Severe high-density lipoprotein deficiency associated with autoantibodies against lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Arch. Intern. Med. 172 (2): 179–81. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.661. PMID 22271127.
  11. ↑ Simesen de Bielke MG, Yancoski J, Rocco C, Pérez LE, Cantisano C, Pérez N, Oleastro M, Danielian S (December 2012). "A missense mutation in the extracellular domain of Fas: the most common change in Argentinean patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome represents a founder effect". J. Clin. Immunol. 32 (6): 1197–203. doi:10.1007/s10875-012-9731-y. PMID 22752343.
  12. ↑ Schleenvoigt BT, Keller P, Stallmach A, Pletz MW (April 2012). "[African tick bite fever--rickettsiosis after holiday in South Africa]". Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (in German). 137 (17): 891–3. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1304902. PMID 22511280.
  13. ↑ Roushan MR, Amiri MJ (April 2013). "Update on childhood brucellosis". Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 8 (1): 42–6. PMID 22812616.
  14. ↑ Dispenzieri A, Armitage JO, Loe MJ, Geyer SM, Allred J, Camoriano JK, Menke DM, Weisenburger DD, Ristow K, Dogan A, Habermann TM (November 2012). "The clinical spectrum of Castleman's disease". Am. J. Hematol. 87 (11): 997–1002. doi:10.1002/ajh.23291. PMC 3900496. PMID 22791417.
  15. ↑ Chondrogiannis K, Vezakis A, Derpapas M, Melemeni A, Fragulidis G (2012). "Seronegative cat-scratch disease diagnosed by PCR detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in lymph node samples". Braz J Infect Dis. 16 (1): 96–9. PMID 22358366.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Reddy RR, Babu BM, Venkateshwaramma B, Hymavathi C (July 2011). "Silvery hair syndrome in two cousins: Chediak-Higashi syndrome vs Griscelli syndrome, with rare associations". Int J Trichology. 3 (2): 107–11. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.90825. PMC 3250006. PMID 22223973. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  17. ↑ Fantinato GT, Cestari Sda C, Afonso JP, Sousa LS, Enokihara MM (2011). "Do you know this syndrome? Chediak-Higashi syndrome". An Bras Dermatol. 86 (5): 1029. PMID 22147054.
  18. ↑ Warnatz K, Voll RE (2012). "Pathogenesis of autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency". Front Immunol. 3: 210. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00210. PMC 3399211. PMID 22826712.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Goyal T, Varshney A (May 2012). "A rare presentation of erythrodermic mycosis fungoides". Cutis. 89 (5): 229–32, 236. PMID 22768436.
  20. ↑ Caballes RL, Caballes-Ponce MG, Kim DU (February 1997). "Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH)". Pathology. 29 (1): 92–5. PMID 9094188.
  21. ↑ information at the Histiocytosis Association of America
  22. ↑ Bieliauskas S, Tubbs RR, Bacon CM, Eshoa C, Foucar K, Gibson SE, Kroft SH, Sohani AR, Swerdlow SH, Cook JR (April 2012). "Gamma heavy-chain disease: defining the spectrum of associated lymphoproliferative disorders through analysis of 13 cases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 36 (4): 534–43. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318240590a. PMC 3715127. PMID 22301495.
  23. ↑ Vilendecic M, Grahovac G, Lambasa S, Jelec V, Topic I (February 2012). "Unrecognized hemangiopericytoma of posterior cervical region with intracranial extension". J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 40 (2): e51–3. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2011.01.019. PMID 21345688.
  24. ↑ Pospelova TI, Koptev VD, Volkova II, Loseva MI, Ageeva TA, Soldatova GS (2008). "[The stage of portal blood flow in patients with hemoblastosis combined with chronic hepatitis]". Klin Med (Mosk) (in Russian). 86 (4): 55–8. PMID 18494289.
  25. ↑ Edelbroek JR, Vermeer MH, Jansen PM, Stoof TJ, van der Linden MM, Horváth B, van Baarlen J, Willemze R (December 2012). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis first presenting in the skin in adults: frequent association with a second haematological malignancy". Br. J. Dermatol. 167 (6): 1287–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11169.x. PMID 22835048.
  26. ↑ Bennett L. Listeria monocytogenes. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 207
  27. ↑ Gallegos M, Bradly D, Jakate S, Keshavarzian A (July 2012). "Lymphogranuloma venereum proctosigmoiditis is a mimicker of inflammatory bowel disease". World J. Gastroenterol. 18 (25): 3317–21. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i25.3317. PMID 22783058.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Braggio E, Philipsborn C, Novak A, Hodge L, Ansell S, Fonseca R (September 2012). "Molecular pathogenesis of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Haematologica. 97 (9): 1281–90. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.068478. PMC 3436227. PMID 22773606.
  29. ↑ Do PC, Nussbaum E, Moua J, Chin T, Randhawa I (May 2013). "Clinical significance of respiratory isolates for Mycobacterium abscessus complex from pediatric patients". Pediatr. Pulmonol. 48 (5): 470–80. doi:10.1002/ppul.22638. PMID 22833551.
  30. ↑ Pulsoni A, Anghel G, Falcucci P, Matera R, Pescarmona E, Ribersani M, Villivà N, Mandelli F (January 2002). "Treatment of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): report of a case and literature review". Am. J. Hematol. 69 (1): 67–71. PMID 11835335.
  31. ↑ NP-C Guidelines Working Group, Wraith JE, Baumgartner MR, Bembi B, Covanis A, Levade T, Mengel E, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis and management of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Mol Genet Metab. 2009;98:152-165
  32. ↑ Tang LM, Hsi MS, Ryu SJ, Minauchi Y (December 1983). "Syndrome of polyneuropathy, skin hyperpigmentation, oedema and hepatosplenomegaly". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 46 (12): 1108–14. PMC 491776. PMID 6663309.
  33. ↑ Ongrádi J, Kövesdi V, Medveczky GP (March 2010). "[Human herpesvirus 6]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 151 (13): 523–32. doi:10.1556/OH.2010.28848. PMID 20304745.

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