Hypocalcemia causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Hypocalcemia can be the consequence of multiple disease processes, some of which will be mentioned in the following discussion. Common causes of hypocalcemia include vitamin D insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism, renal disease, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, drugs and Fanconi syndrome etc.
Causes
Common Causes
Common causes of hypocalcemia may include:[1]
- Vitamin D insufficiency
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Renal disease
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Drugs like bisphosphonates
- Heavy metal (copper, iron)
Less Common Causes
Lessn common causes of hypocalcemia may include:[2]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical / poisoning | Alcohol abuse |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Anticonvulsant therapy, Cabozantinib, Capreomycin sulfate, Chelation therapy, Cinacalcet, Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene, Cytarabine, Dactinomycin, Diuretic therapy, Drugs, Edetate disodium, Enemas, Gallium nitrate, Gentamicin, ibandronate, laxatives, Medroxyprogesterone, Nilotinib, Oxcarbazepine, Pamidronic acid, Pentamidine Isethionate, Pramipexole, Sorafenib, Steroid, Thalidomide, Tolbutamide therapy |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Absent parathyroid hormone (PTH), Acquired hypoparathyroidism, Adrenocortical hyperplasia, Deficient PTH, Excessive secretion of calcitonin, Familial hypocalcemia, Following thyroidectomy, Hereditary hypoparathyroidism, "Hungry Bone Syndrome" following parathyroidectomy, Hypoparathyroidism, Hypoproteinemia, Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Osteitis fibrosa following parathyroidectomy, Osteoporosis, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Thyroid cancer |
| Environmental | Decreased ultraviolet/sun (vitamin D deficiency), Defective Vitamin D metabolism, Exposure to hydrofluoric acid |
| Gastroenterologic | Acute pancreatitis, Cirrhosis, Decreased dietary intake, Eating disorders, Enemas, laxatives, Intestinal malabsorption, Malabsorption, Maldigestion, Pancreatitis, Rickets, Short bowel syndrome, Vitamin-D dependent rickets, type I |
| Genetic | DiGeorge's Syndrome, Familial hypocalcemia |
| Hematologic | Hypoalbuminemia (pseudohypocalcemia), Transfusion of citrated blood, Tumor lysis syndrome |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Sepsis, Septic shock |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | Enhanced bone formation, Excessive secretion of calcitonin, Neonatal tetany, Osteitis fibrosa following parathyroidectomy, Osteoporosis, Rickets, Vitamin-D dependent rickets, type I |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | Absent active vitamin D, Decreased dietary intake, Hyperphosphatemia, Intestinal malabsorption, Intravenous phosphate administration, Magnesium depletion, Rickets, Vitamin D deficiency |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Breast cancer |
| Oncologic | Breast cancer, Bronchial cancer, Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Osteoblastic metastases, Thyroid cancer, Tumor lysis syndrome |
| Opthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose / Toxicity | Magnesium over supplementation, Prolonged use of medications/laxatives containing magnesium |
| Psychiatric | Eating disorders |
| Pulmonary | Bronchial cancer, Hyperventilation |
| Renal / Electrolyte | Acute renal failure, Alkalosis, Chronic renal failure, Hypomagnesemia, Hypoproteinemia, Increased diuresis with physiologic saline solution, Intravenous phosphate administration, Kidney diseases with reduced formation of activated vitamin D, Magnesium depletion, Magnesium over supplementation, Nephrotic syndrome, Renal failure, Rhabdomyolysis, Severe acute hyperphosphatemia |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | DiGeorge's Syndrome, Osteitis fibrosa following parathyroidectomy, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Burns |
| Urologic | Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, Hypoproteinemia, Renal failure |
| Miscellaneous | Postoperative, Transfusion of citrated blood |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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3References
- ↑ Fong J, Khan A (February 2012). "Hypocalcemia: updates in diagnosis and management for primary care". Can Fam Physician. 58 (2): 158–62. PMC 3279267. PMID 22439169.
- ↑ Fong J, Khan A (February 2012). "Hypocalcemia: updates in diagnosis and management for primary care". Can Fam Physician. 58 (2): 158–62. PMC 3279267. PMID 22439169.