Hemothorax pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Irfan Dotani Joanna Ekabua, M.D. [2]
Overview
Haemothorax is a pathologic collection of blood within the pleural cavity, between the lung surface and inner chest wall. Three mechanisms of bleeding in haemothorax include torn adhesion between the parietal and visceral pleurae, rupture of neovascularized bullae as a complication of subpleural emphysematous blebs, and torn congenital aberrant vessels branching from the cupola and distributed in and around the bulla in the apex of the lung. There is some genetic disorder that is predisposed to haemothorax.[1][2][3][4][5]
Pathophysiology
The pathogenesis of hemothorax include[1][2][3][4][5]
Pathogenesis
Three mechanisms of bleeding in haemothorax:
- Torn adhesion between the parietal and visceral pleurae.
- Rupture of neovascularized bullae as a complication of subpleural emphysematous blebs.
- Torn congenital aberrant vessels branching from the cupola and distributed in and around the bulla in the apex of the lung.
Genetics
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) forms part of a spectrum of genetically based connective tissue disorders that includes osteogenesis imperfecta. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS IV) is characterized by an alteration in the COL3A1 gene. This gene encodes type III collagen and The alteration of this type of collagen produces aneurysms and ruptures of vessels and organs that can lead to haemothorax.
- Osler–Weber–Rendu disease, also known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by multiple cutaneous, systemic, and/or pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Bleeding from pulmonary lesions usually occur as hemoptysis and rarely as spontaneous haemothorax. There is an association between Osler-Weber-Rendu disease and bilateral heterochronic spontaneous hemothorax.
- Coastal exostosis or Osteochondroma is an autosomal dominant hereditary abnormality and the most common benign thoracic bone tumor. It often presents singly or in multiple sites that can cause laceration of the lung and hemothorax.
- Hemophilia A is a X-linked hereditary disorder of blood clotting that caused by the development of an inhibitor against coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Hemophilia A manifests with early muscle and subcutaneous bleeding and rarely with haemothorax.
- Glanzmann thromboastenia is an autosomal-recessive bleeding disorder characterized by a lifelong bleeding tendency due to abnormalities of the platelet integrin αΠbβ3 [[[glycoprotein]] (GP) IIb; CD41/IIIa; CD61]. Glanzmann thromboastenia usually presents with mucocutaneous bleeding such as easy bruising, purpura, gingival bleeding, epistaxis, menorrhagia, haemarthrosis, haematuria, intracranial and visceral hemorrhage are rare but even rarer is Spontaneous Haemothorax.
- Type I neurofibromatosis (NF-1) or Von Recklinghausen's disease (VRD) is an autosomal dominant disease. This entity can affect any organ system and is characterized by skin tumors and abnormal cutaneous pigmentation. Pathogenetic mechanisms for vasculopathy associated with VRD are: (I) direct vascular invasion from adjacent tumors; and (II) vascular dysplasia with thickening and concomitant reduced the strength of the vessel wall and an aneurysm formation.
- There are other hereditary entities such as Loeys–Dietz syndrome, familial thoracic aortic aneurysm syndrome, or Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome that are predisposed to aortic dissection and haemothorax.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Álvarez K, Jordi L, Jose Angel H (October 2017). "Hemothorax in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome". Reumatol Clin. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2017.08.009. PMID 29050841.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Janik M, Straka L, Krajcovic J, Hejna P, Hamzik J, Novomesky F (March 2014). "Non-traumatic and spontaneous hemothorax in the setting of forensic medical examination: a systematic literature survey". Forensic Sci. Int. 236: 22–9. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.013. PMID 24529771.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Boersma WG, Stigt JA, Smit HJ (November 2010). "Treatment of haemothorax". Respir Med. 104 (11): 1583–7. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.08.006. PMID 20817498.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Quero Valenzuela F, Giraldo Ospina CF, Piedra Fernández I (September 2014). "Traumatic hemothorax caused by solitary costal exostosis". Arch. Bronconeumol. 50 (9): 410. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2013.09.013. PMID 24439464.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kuo SM, Chen KC, Diau GY, Hua YM (May 2010). "Dangerous costal exostosis: hemothorax mimicking empyema in a child". J. Pediatr. 156 (5): 853, 853.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.09.053. PMID 20060125.