Bronchiectasis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2], Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D., Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]
Overview
Bronchiectasis can be caused by both, congenital and acquired factors. Congenital factors include conditions such as Kartagener syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Young's syndrome, yellow nail syndrome, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and primary immunodeficiencies. Acquired factors include post-infectious, AIDS, IBD, ABPA, COPD, airway obstructions, alcohol, drugs, and irritants.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Commom causes
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Cystic fibrosis
- Kartagener syndrome
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Adenovirus
- Airway adenoma
- Airway obstruction
- Alcohol
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Allergies
- Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Ammonia
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Autoimmune diseases
- Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Bloom syndrome
- Bone marrow transplantation
- Bordetella pertussis
- Bronchial cyst
- Bronchiolitis obliterans
- Bronchocentric granulomatosis
- Bronchomalacia
- Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
- Cartilage deficiency
- Chlorine gas
- Chronic bronchitis
- Chronic granulomatous disease
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Common variable immunodeficiency
- Connective tissue disease
- Crohn's disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Diffuse panbronchiolitis
- DiGeorge syndrome
- Drug use
- Ectopic bronchus
- Endobronchial teratoma
- Foreign body aspiration
- Heart-lung transplant
- Heroin
- Herpes simplex virus
- Hiatus hernia
- Histoplasmosis
- HIV AIDS
- Hyper-IgE syndrome
- Hypogammaglobulinaemia
- Immotile cilia syndrome
- Immunoglobulin M deficiency
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Influenza
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Irritants
- Kartagener syndrome
- Klebsiella
- Laryngeal papillomatosis
- Lipoid pneumonia
- Lung transplantation
- Marfan syndrome
- Measles
- MHC class I deficiency
- Mounier-Kuhn syndrome
- Mycobacterium avium complex
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Nezelof syndrome
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Pertussis
- Pneumonia
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia
- Primary immunodeficiency
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Pulmonary artery aneurysm
- Pulmonary aspiration
- Recurrent aspiration pneumonia
- Relapsing polychondritis
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Sarcoidosis
- Selective deficiency of immunoglobulin G
- Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency
- Severe combined immunodeficiency
- Silicates
- Sjögren’s syndrome
- Smoke
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Talc
- Tracheobronchial amyloidosis
- Tracheobronchomalacia
- Tracheobronchomegaly
- Tracheoesophageal fistula
- Tuberculosis
- Tumor
- Ulcerative colitis
- WHIM syndrome
- Whooping cough
- Williams-Campbell syndrome
- X-linked agammaglobulinemia
- Yellow nail syndrome
- Young's syndrome
Causes Based on Mode of Infection
Bronchiectasis may be either congenital or acquired. Acquired bronchiectasis is more common than congenital bronchiectasis.
Congenital
The following table lists the congenital causes of bronchiectasis:
| Causes | Description |
|---|---|
| Kartagener syndrome | Bronchiectasis is secondary to the impaired mobility of cilia in the lungs[1] |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | A small number of patients develop severe localized bronchiectasis
Development of bronchiectasis is mainly due to the increased risk of chronic sinopulmonary infections[2] |
| Young's Syndrome | Similar to CF and may be a genetic variant
Development of bronchiectasis is mainly due to the increased risk of chronic sinopulmonary infections[3] |
| Yellow Nail Syndrome | This is a rare disorder characterized by pleural effusions, lymphedema, and yellow dystrophic nails, chronic bronchitis, sinus infections, and bronchiectasis |
| Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (AAD) | The pathophysiology of development of bronchiectasis among these patients is yet to be understood[4] |
| Primary Immunodeficiencies | Bronchiectasis is caused by the weakened immune system's response to severe, recurrent pulmonary infections[5] |
Acquired
Acquired bronchiectasis is more common than congenital bronchiectasis. The following table lists the acquired causes of bronchiectasis:
| Causes | Description |
|---|---|
| Post Infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal, atypical mycobacterial) | Such as tuberculosis (either from bronchial stenosis or secondary traction from fibrosis), pneumonia, measles, pertussis |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | AIDS is caused by untreated HIV viral infection. Development of bronchiectasis is due to development of opportunistic pulmonary infections[6] |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) | The exact pathogenesis is unknown for the link between inflammatory bowel disease and bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is more common among patients with ulcerative colitis than those with Crohn's disease |
| Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) | Development of bronchiectasis is associated with inhalation of fungus spores[7] |
| Connective Tissue Diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis | Patterns of lung injury are common in connective tissue disease - which eventually leads to bronchiectasis |
| Airway obstructions | Such as tumors or enlarged lymph nodes
These obstructions can block the airways leading to bronchiectasis |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | The mucus build up from COPD can lead to bronchiectasis |
| Environmental exposures such as ammonia | The environmental irritants cause inflammation in the airways that can lead to bronchiectasis |
| Alcoholism | Heavy drinking causes a deficiency of the antioxidant glutathione in the lungs, which increases the susceptibility of various lung diseases including bronchiectasis |
| Drug use such as heroin | Various drugs cause inflammation in the airways that can lead to bronchiectasis |
| Various allergies | Allergies cause inflammation in the airways that can lead to bronchiectasis[8] |
References
- ↑ Morillas HN, Zariwala M, Knowles MR (2007). "Genetic Causes of Bronchiectasis: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia". Respiration. 72 (3): 252–63. PMID 17534128.
- ↑ Dalrymple-Hay MJ, Lucas J, Connett G, Lea RE (1999). "Lung resection for the treatment of severe localized bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis patients". Acta Chir Hung. 38 (1): 23–5. PMID 10439089.
- ↑ Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, & Turtle JR (1984). "Young's syndrome. Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections". NEJM. 310 (1): 3–9.
- ↑ Shin MS, Ho KJ (1993). "Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence?". Chest. 104: 1384–86.
- ↑ Notarangelo LD, Plebani A, Mazzolari E, Soresina A, Bondioni MP (2007). "Genetic causes of bronchiectasis: primary immune deficiencies and the lung". Respiration. 74 (3): 264–75. PMID 17534129.
- ↑ Sheikh S, Madiraju K, Steiner P, Rao M (1997). "Bronchiectasis in pediatric AIDS". Chest. 112 (5): 1202–7. PMID 9367458.
- ↑ Ferguson HR, Convery RP (2002). "An unusual complication of ulcerative colitis". Postgrad. Med. J. 78: 503.
- ↑ Lamari NM, Martins ALQ, Oliveira JV, Marino LC, Valério N (2006). "Bronchiectasis and clearence physiotherapy: emphasis in postural drainage and percussion". Braz. j. cardiovasc. surg. (in Portuguese). 21 (2).
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