Betalain

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File:Beets produce-1.jpg
The red color of beets comes from betalain pigments.

Betalains are a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales. They are most often noticeable in the petals of flowers, but may color the fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of plants that contain them.

Description

File:Gelber und roter Mangold.JPG
Swiss chard, showing one plant expressing yellow betaxanthins and another expressing red betacyanins.

The name "betalain" comes from the Latin name of the common beet (Beta vulgaris), from which betalains were first extracted. The deep red color of beets, bougainvillea, amaranth, and many cacti results from the presence of betalain pigments.[1] The particular shades of red to purple are distinctive and unlike that of anthocyanin pigments found in most plants. Betalains may occur in any part of the plant, including the petals of flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, and roots.

There are two categories of betalains:[2]

  • Betacyanins include the reddish to violet betalain pigments.
  • Betaxanthins are those betalain pigments which appear yellow to orange.

Plant physiologists are uncertain of the function that betalains serve in those plants which possess them, but there is some preliminary evidence that they may have fungicidal properties.[3]

Chemistry

File:Betanin.png
Chemical structure of betanin.

It was once thought that betalains were related to anthocyanins, the reddish pigments found in most plants. Both betalains and anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in the vacuoles of plant cells. However, betalains are structurally and chemically unlike anthocyanins. For example, betalains contain nitrogen whereas anthocyanins do not.[1]

It is now known that betalains are aromatic indole derivatives synthesized from tyrosine. They are not related chemically to the anthocyanins and are not even flavonoids.[4] Each betalain is a glycoside, and consists of a sugar and a colored portion. Their synthesis is promoted by light.[2]

The most heavily studied betalain is betanin, also called beetroot red after the fact that it may be extracted from red beet roots. Betanin is a glucoside, and hydrolyzes into the sugar glucose and betanidin.[1] It is used as a food coloring agent, and the color is sensitive to pH. Other betalains known to occur in beets are isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin.

Other important betacyanins are amaranthine and isoamaranthine, isolated from species of Amaranthus.

Taxonomic significance

File:Cactus in Bloom 01.jpg
Flowers of the cactus Mammillaria sp. contain betalains.

Betalain pigments occur only in the Caryophyllales and some Basidiomycota (mushrooms).[5] Where they occur in plants, they sometimes coexist with anthoxanthins (yellow to orange flavonoids), but never occur in plant species with anthocyanins.

Among the flowering plant order Caryophyllales, most members produce betalains and lack anthocyanins. Of all the families in the Caryophyllales, only the Caryophyllaceae (carnation family) and Molluginaceae produce anthocyanins instead of betalains.[5] The limited distribution of betalains among plants is a synapomorphy for the Caryophyllales, though their production has been lost in two families.

Recently, betalain-like compounds have been discovered in carnivorous plants that were not previously considered related to the Caryophyllales, but which have been added to that order under the APG II system. Betalains are now known from species of Drosera (sundew) and Nepenthes.[citation needed]

Economic uses

File:Amaranthus caudatus0.jpg
Inflorescences of Amaranthus caudatus (love-lies-bleeding) contain large quantities of betacyanins.

Betanin is commercially used as a natural food dye. It can cause beeturia (red urine and faeces) in some people who are unable to break it down. The interest of the food industry in betalains has grown since they were identified as natural antioxidants[6] which may have positive health effects in humans.[7]

The 'Hopi Red Dye' amaranth produces red flowers which the Hopi Amerindians used as the source of a deep red dye.

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Robinson, Trevor (1963). The Organic Constituents of Higher Plants. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing. p. 292.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Salisbury, Frank B. (1991). Plant Physiology (4th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. pp. 325–326. ISBN 0-534-15162-0. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  3. Kimler, L. M. (1975). "Betanin, the red beet pigment, as an antifungal agent". Botanical Society of America, Abstracts of papers. 36.
  4. Raven, Peter H. (2004). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 465. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  5. 5.0 5.1 Cronquist, Arthur (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 235–239. ISBN 0-231-03880-1.
  6. Escribano, J. (1998). "Characterization of the antiradical activity of betalains from Beta vulgaris L. roots". Phytochem. Anal. 9: 124–127. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  7. Tesoriere, Luisa (2004). "Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (4): 941–945. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
File:Bougainvillea-3colors.jpg.jpg
Bougainvillea bracts get their color from betalains

External links

Template:Glycosides de:Betalaine