Aortic stenosis surgery procedure
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Aortic stenosis surgery | |
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Treatment | |
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Aortic stenosis surgery procedure On the Web | |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Aortic stenosis surgery procedure | |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Aortic stenosis surgery procedure | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [2], Claudia P. Hochberg, M.D. [3], Abdul-Rahman Arabi, M.D. [4], Keri Shafer, M.D. [5], Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [6]; Usama Talib, BSc, MD [7] Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [8]
Overview
The procedure can be done either by the traditional open heart surgery or by the minimally invasive surgery. Before the surgery, the patient will receive general anesthesia. This will make the patient asleep and pain-free during the entire procedure. Other than the aortic valve replacement surgery; aortic stenosis could be treated by percutaneous aortic balloon valvotomy or transcatheter aortic valve implantation.[1][2][3]
Aortic Valve Replacement Procedure
If the procedure is indicated; it could be done by one of the following approaches:[4][5][1]
- The Traditional Open Heart Surgery:
- The surgeon will make a 10-inch long cut in the middle of the chest (sternum).
- Next, the surgeon will separate the breastbone (sternum) to be able to see the heart.
- Most people are connected to a heart-lung bypass machine or bypass pump. The heart is stopped while the patient is connected to this machine. This machine does the work of the heart while the heart is stopped.
- A small cut is made in the left side of the heart so the surgeon can repair or replace the aortic valve.
- In Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Surgery; there are several different ways to perform the procedure:[1]
- The heart surgeon may make a 2-inch to 3-inch long cut in the right part of the patient's chest near the sternum. Muscles in the area will be divided so the surgeon can reach the heart. A small cut is made in the left side of the heart so the surgeon can replace the aortic valve.
- In Endoscopic surgery, the surgeon makes one to four small holes in the chest, then he or she uses special instruments and a camera to do the surgery.
- For Robotically-Assisted Valve Surgery, the surgeon makes two to four tiny cuts (about a ½ to a ¾ inch) in the chest. The surgeon uses a special computer to control robotic arms during the surgery. The surgeon sees a three-dimensional view of the heart and mitral valve on the computer. This method is very precise.
The patient may or may not need to be on a heart-lung machine for these types of surgery, but if not; the heart rate will be slowed by medicine or a mechanical device.
Types of Valves
Different types of valves can be used to repair a damaged aortic valve.[6][7][8][9][10]
1. Mechanical valve, which is made of man-made (synthetic) materials, such as a metal like titanium. These valves last the longest, but the patient will need to take blood-thinning medicine, such as warfarin (Coumadin) or aspirin, for the rest of his or her life.
2. Biological , which is made of human or animal tissue. These valves last 10 to 12 years, but the patient may not need to take blood thinners for life.
The 2006 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) recommendations for the choice of aortic valve [6][11]:
- If the patient is under 65 years of age and do not have a contraindication to anticoagulation then mechanical valve is preferred.
- If the patient is ≥65 years of age who do not have risk factors for thromboembolism; Bioprosthetic valve will be reasonable.
- If the patient has already a mechanical valve in the mitral or tricuspid position (need anticoagulation).
- If the patient has active prosthetic valve endocarditis; the valve should be replaced.
- If the patient has contraindications to anticoagulation therapy regardless his or her age; then a bioprosthetic valve is indicated.
- In case of small oartic root; mechanical valve is indicated as there is a risk of annular enlargement in such patient if bioprosthetic valve is used.
Once the new or repaired valve is working, the surgeon will:
- Close the heart and take you off the heart-lung machine.
- Place catheters (tubes) around the heart to drain fluids that build up.
- Close the sternum with stainless steel wires. It will take about 6 weeks for the bone to heal. The wires will stay inside the body.
The patient may have a temporary pacemaker connected to the heart until his or her natural heart rhythm returns.
The surgeon may also perform coronary artery bypass surgery at the same time, if needed.
Techniques
Different techniques can be used for aortic valve surgery depending on various factors including age and other risk factors. The retrograde technique is the most commonly used technique.[5] Elderly patients with high risk can benefit from RDAVR i.e rapid-deployment aortic valve replacement technique also known as sutures technique. A new generation Edwards INTUITY-Elite® valve which is a balloon-expandable stented trileaflet bovine pericardial bioprosthesis is being used recently.[12]Some of the characteristics of retrograde technique include:
- 8 French femoral sheath can usually accommodate a 20 mm balloon and minimizes vascular complications
- Alternatively two 6 Fr sheath from bilateral femoral approach and two smaller balloons can be used
- The letter may be necessary in female elderly patients with concomitant peripheral vascular disease
- 0.035” straight wire is commonly used to cross the valve and advance via pig-tail or Amplatz catheter; Right heart catheterization is done and transaortic gradient is typically measured pre-procedure
- The 0.035” wire is then exchanged for a stiffer 0.038”Amplatz exchange length wire with the tip shaped into a pig-tail shape so as not to injure the LV
- The 20-23 mmX 6 cm balloon is advance over the wire and positioned to straddle the aortic valve
- The balloon is manually inflated with a 60 cc syringe containing diluted contrast (slowly)
- Meticulous control of balloon position must be maintained at all times by backward traction on the balloon to prevent jumping forward and injuring/perforating the LV apex
The most preferable surgical closure method for this tenuous patient population is a perclose or angioseal closure. This particular closure method calls for a mandatory attention to the meticulous access technique. An antegrade approach may be a viable method in some patient populations. An example of such would be the venuous access with transseptal approach. This particular procedure can be done in a select population of patients. Many patients experience an adverse response to the hemodynamic effect of mitral valve incompetence. In this situation, the rigidity of the wire traveling across the mitral valve can directly result in mitral valve injury. It is, therefore, not an advisable treatment method for most populations.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Grossi EA, Loulmet DF, Schwartz CF, Solomon B, Dellis SL, Culliford AT; et al. (2011). "Minimally invasive valve surgery with antegrade perfusion strategy is not associated with increased neurologic complications". Ann Thorac Surg. 92 (4): 1346–9, discussion 1349-50. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.04.055. PMID 21958781.
- ↑ Bruschi G, Botta L, De Marco F, Colombo P, Nonini S, Klugmann S; et al. (2013). "Direct aortic transcatheter valve implantation via mini-thoracotomy using the Medtronic CoreValve". Multimed Man Cardiothorac Surg. 2013: mmt015. doi:10.1093/mmcts/mmt015. PMID 24448561.
- ↑ Momin A, Sharabiani M, Mulholland J, Yarham G, Reeves B, Anderson J; et al. (2013). "Miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass: the Hammersmith technique". J Cardiothorac Surg. 8: 143. doi:10.1186/1749-8090-8-143. PMC 3674973. PMID 23731623.
- ↑ Brown JW, Patel PM, Ivy Lin JH, Habib AS, Rodefeld MD, Turrentine MW (2016). "Ross Versus Non-Ross Aortic Valve Replacement in Children: A 22-Year Single Institution Comparison of Outcomes". Ann Thorac Surg. 101 (5): 1804–10. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.12.076. PMID 27041455.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chou WH, Wang YC, Huang HH, Cheng HL, Lin YS, Wang MJ; et al. (2014). "Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Anesthetic experience of retrograde transfemoral approach with CoreValve ReValving System". Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 52 (1): 2–5. doi:10.1016/j.aat.2014.05.002. PMID 24999211.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD; et al. (2008). "2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Circulation. 118 (15): e523–661. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748. PMID 18820172.
- ↑ Marei I, Chester A, Carubelli I, Prodromakis T, Trantidou T, Yacoub MH (2015). "Assessment of Parylene C Thin Films for Heart Valve Tissue Engineering". Tissue Eng Part A. 21 (19–20): 2504–14. doi:10.1089/ten.TEA.2014.0607. PMC 4605359. PMID 26101808.
- ↑ Cooley DA (1977). "The quest for the perfect prosthetic heart valve". Med Instrum. 11 (2): 82–4. PMID 870811.
- ↑ Bloomfield P, Wheatley DJ, Prescott RJ, Miller HC (1991). "Twelve-year comparison of a Bjork-Shiley mechanical heart valve with porcine bioprostheses". N Engl J Med. 324 (9): 573–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199102283240901. PMID 1992318.
- ↑ Hammermeister K, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, Grover FL, Oprian C, Rahimtoola SH (2000). "Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical versus a bioprosthetic valve: final report of the Veterans Affairs randomized trial". J Am Coll Cardiol. 36 (4): 1152–8. PMID 11028464.
- ↑ Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, Butchart E, Dion R, Filippatos G; et al. (2007). "Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur Heart J. 28 (2): 230–68. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl428. PMID 17259184.
- ↑ Prakash Patil N, Falconieri F, Pepper J, Bahrami T (2016). "How to Do It - Implantation Technique for Newer-Generation Sutureless/Rapid-Deployment Aortic Valve Replacement". J Heart Valve Dis. 25 (2): 227–229. PMID 27989072.