Amoebiasis pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Symptoms can range from mild diarrhoea to dysentery with blood and mucus. The blood comes from amoebae invading the lining of the intestine. In about 10% of invasive cases the amoebae enter the bloodstream and may travel to other organs in the body. Most commonly this means the liver, as this is where blood from the intestine reaches first, but they can end up almost anywhere.

Pathophysiology

In asymptomatic infections the amoeba lives by eating and digesting bacteria and food particles in the gut. It does not usually come in contact with the intestine itself due to the protective layer of mucus that lines the gut. Disease occurs when amoeba comes in contact with the cells lining the intestine. It then secretes the same substances it uses to digest bacteria, which include enzymes that destroy cell membranes and proteins. This process leads to penetration and digestion of human tissues, resulting first in flask-shaped ulcers in the intestine. Entamoeba histolytica ingests the destroyed cells by phagocytosis and is often seen with red blood cells inside. Especially in Latin America, a granulomatous mass (known as an amoeboma) may form in the wall of the colon due to long-lasting cellular response, and is sometimes confused with cancer.

Theoretically, the ingestion of one viable cyst can cause an infection.

Transmission

Amoebiasis is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route, but it can also be transmitted indirectly through contact with dirty hands or objects as well as by oral-anal contact.

Amoebiasis is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route (contamination of drinking water and foods with fecal matter), but it can also be transmitted indirectly through contact with dirty hands or objects as well as by anal-oral contact.

Infection is spread through ingestion of the cyst form of the parasite, a semi-dormant and hardy structure found in feces. Free-living amoebae, or trophozoites, that do not form cysts but die quickly after leaving the body may also be present: these are rarely the source of new infections.

Amoebic dysentery is often confused with "traveler's diarrhea", or "Montezuma's Revenge" in Mexico, because of the prevalence of both in developing nations. In fact, most traveler's diarrhea is bacterial or viral in origin.

Liver abscesses can occur without previous development of amoebic dysentery.