https://www.wikidoc.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Aditya+Ganti&feedformat=atom
wikidoc - User contributions [en]
2024-03-28T11:04:16Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.40.0
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Karthik&diff=1702753
Sandbox:Karthik
2021-06-01T14:59:26Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Hello"</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Vijay_Karthik&diff=1702752
User:Vijay Karthik
2021-06-01T14:42:21Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hello Welcome to Wikidoc<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Template:Vijay_Karthik&diff=1702751
Template:Vijay Karthik
2021-06-01T14:39:23Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Vijay Karthik, M.B.B.S[mailto:karthikvijay898@gmail.com]"</p>
<hr />
<div>[[User: Vijay Karthik|Vijay Karthik, M.B.B.S]][mailto:karthikvijay898@gmail.com]</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Vijay_Karthik&diff=1702750
User:Vijay Karthik
2021-06-01T14:37:30Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Hello Welcome to Wikidoc"</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello Welcome to Wikidoc</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Kidney_and_urologic_disease_status_update&diff=1701811
Kidney and urologic disease status update
2021-05-23T13:22:32Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Primary Care Topics */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Organ System Project}}<br />
<br />
System leader: '''[[User:Maneesha Nandimandalam|Maneesha Nandimandalam, MD]]'''<br />
==Status Updates==<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|15<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|12<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Primary Care Topics==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Acute kidney injury]]<br />
|Farima kahe<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute kidney failure resident survival guide]]||Kanwal Khmuani||Needs some review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Acidosis]]<br />
|Carlos<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Acidosis resident survival guide]]|| ||P<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Alkalosis]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Alkalosis resident survival guide]]|| ||Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hyperkalemia]]<br />
|Jogeeth Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperkalemia resident survival guide]]||Mahmoud||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hypokalemia]]<br />
|Cafer Zorkun<br />
|Needs some content<br />
|[[Hypokalemia resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hypernatremia]]<br />
|Feham Tariq<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypernatremia resident survival guide]]||Mounika (Ahmed's scholar)||Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hyponatremia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Hyponatremia resident survival guide]]||Priyamvada||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Metabolic acidosis]]<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Metabolic acidosis resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Metabolic alkalosis]]<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Metabolic alkalosis resident survival guide]]||Marufa Marium||Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Respiratory acidosis]]<br />
|Nasrin<br />
|Assigned needs content<br />
|[[Respiratory acidosis resident survival guide]]||Qasim Khurshid||Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Respiratory alkalosis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Respiratory alkalosis resident survival guide]]||Rinky Agnes<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Nephrolithiasis]]<br />
|Amandeep Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Nephrolithiasis resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Nocturia]]<br />
|Sivakrishna Kumar, Nasrin<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Nocturia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sidra<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Polyuria]]<br />
|Amandeep Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Polyuria resident survival guide]]||Zaida<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Renal artery stenosis]]<br />
|Shivam Singla<br />
|Assigned<br />
|[[Renal artery stenosis resident survival guide]]||Karol||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Hematuria]]<br />
|Sivakrishna Kumar<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hematuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Dysuria]]<br />
|Nabeel<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dysuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Flank pain]]<br />
|Samantha Salomun<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Flank pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Qasim Khurshid<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection]]<br />
|Usama Talib<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Pyuria]]<br />
|Sadaf<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Pyuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Hypertension]]<br />
|Usama Talib<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypertension resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Edema generalized|Edema]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Edema resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sara zand<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary retention]]<br />
|Luke Orazem<br />
|Assigned(Sidra Kalsoom)<br />
|[[Urinary retention resident survival guide]]<br />
|Kanwal Khmuani<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence]]<br />
|Maneesha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence resident survival guide]]<br />
|Maneesha<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Status Update==<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|35<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|37<br />
|}<br />
==List of Chapters Requiring Content==<br />
<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Chapters that need content}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Assignment Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Scholar's name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Coach name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Completion Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Review status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Reviewer name}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="41" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |Kidney diseases<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Acute uric acid nephropathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Albuminuria<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Balkan nephropathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Bartter syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tayyaba Ali<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Huda<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Beer potomania<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Boyd-Stearns syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*[[Branchio-oto-renal syndrome]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Shivam Singla<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sara Mohsin<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Calix diverticulum<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Contrast-induced acute kidney injury<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Cholesterol emboli syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Abdul<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ahmed Elsaiey<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Crush syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*C4 glomerulopathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |{{Norina Usman}}<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |{{ADG}}<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Dent's disease<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Dialysis (LP)<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Diuresis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Fibrillary immunotactoid glomerulopathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Glomerulosclerosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Hypophosphatemia<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Haff disease<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|- <br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Hemodialysis (SP)<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Hypertensive nephropathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Nasrin<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elsaiey,Ahmed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Kidney transplantation<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Multicystic dysplastic kidney<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Nephroptosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Nutcracker syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*[[Papillorenal syndrome]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Shivam Singla<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sara Mohsin<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Peritoneal dialysis (SP)<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Phosphate nephropathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assingned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ayesha FJ<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sogand<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Pyonephrosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Harshwardan Chawla<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Rhabdomyolysis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assingned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ayesha FJ,<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sogand<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Rebound diuresis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Renal agenesis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Shakiba<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elsaiey,Ahmed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Renal artery stenosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Renal papillary necrosis<br />
<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Nasrin<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elsaiey,Ahmed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
*Thin basement membrane disease<br />
<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Marufa Marium<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Maneesha<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==In progress chapters==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Chapters that need content}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Assignment Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Scholar's name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Coach name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Completion Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Review status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Reviewer name}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |Kidney diseases<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Cardiorenal syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Dina<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Huda<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Analgesic nephropathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Shakiba<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elsaiey,Ahmed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Not done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |HIV associated nephropathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Shakiba<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elsaiey,Ahmed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Not done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Milk-alkali syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Shakiba<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elsaiey,Ahmed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Not done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bartter syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Assigned<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tayyaba<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Huda<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Not done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
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|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
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|-<br />
|-<br />
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|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Completed chapters==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Chapters}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Assignment Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Scholar's name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Coach name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Completion Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Review status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Reviewer name}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="35" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |Kidney diseases<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Electrolyte imbalance (LP)<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehdi<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehrian<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hyponatremia<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Saeedeh<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mahshid<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypernatremia<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Feham<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Elsaiey<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypokalemia<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Rc-Aida<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mahshid<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hyperkalemia<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Jogeet<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amandeep<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypocalcemia<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Krishna<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hasan<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hypercalcemia<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Anmol<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sudarshana Datta<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Glomerular Disease(LP)<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehrian<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Farima<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Lupus Nephritis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aida/ Omer<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Iqra<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Nazia / Jogeet<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Membranous glomerulonephritis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sunny/ Seyd<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amandeep<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |rc Arash<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |IgA nephropathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Dildar<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehrian<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Goodpasture syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Akshun<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Farima<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amyloidosis (LP)<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Shamila<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehrian<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Primary amyloidosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Secondary amyloidosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Familial amyloidosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Wild-type(senile) amyloidosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Cardiac amyloidosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Beta-2 microglobulin related amyloidosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Gelsolin related amyloidosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |C3 glomerulopathy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Vindhya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Bladder cancer<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Farima Kahe<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hydronephrosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Chandra<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Kidney stone<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amandeep<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Polycystic kidney disease<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Khurram<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Anmol<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Nephritic syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Dildar<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehrian<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Nephrotic syndrome<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehrian<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sadaf<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Manpreet<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehrian<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Renal cell carcinoma<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Farima<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Anmol<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Renal osteodystrophy<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Renal tubular acidosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sargun<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Renal vein thrombosis<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Saeedeh<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mehdi<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Wilms' tumor<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sargun<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Yes<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Done<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Farima<br />
|-<br />
|}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Chawla&diff=1700661
Sandbox:Chawla
2021-05-11T22:54:25Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "hey"</p>
<hr />
<div>hey</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Template:Chawla_Harshavardhan&diff=1700660
Template:Chawla Harshavardhan
2021-05-11T22:50:03Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[User:Chawla Harshavardhan|Chawla Harshavardhan, M.B.B.S]][mailto:chawlaharshavardhan@gmail.com]"</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Template:Chawla_Harshavardhan&diff=1700659
Template:Chawla Harshavardhan
2021-05-11T22:49:38Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Chawla Harshavardhan, M.B.B.S[mailto:chawlaharshavardhan@gmail.com]""</p>
<hr />
<div>[[User:HVC|Chawla Harshavardhan, M.B.B.S]][mailto:chawlaharshavardhan@gmail.com]"</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Chawla_Harshvardhan&diff=1700658
User:Chawla Harshvardhan
2021-05-11T22:47:24Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Hello Welcome to Wikidoc <br />"</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello Welcome to Wikidoc<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Template:Chawla_Harshvardhan&diff=1700657
Template:Chawla Harshvardhan
2021-05-11T22:46:28Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[User:Chawla Harshvardhan|Chawla Harshvardhan, M.B.B.S]][mailto:Chawlaharshvardhan@gmail.com]</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Template:Chawla_Harshvardhan&diff=1700656
Template:Chawla Harshvardhan
2021-05-11T22:46:03Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Chawla Harshvardhan, M.B.B.S[mailto:Chawlaharshvardhan@gmail.com]"</p>
<hr />
<div>[[User:HVC|Chawla Harshvardhan, M.B.B.S]][mailto:Chawlaharshvardhan@gmail.com]</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Chawla_Harshavardhan&diff=1700653
User:Chawla Harshavardhan
2021-05-11T22:41:18Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Hello Welcome to Wikidoc."</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello Welcome to Wikidoc.</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Adnan_Ezici&diff=1698232
User:Adnan Ezici
2021-04-22T19:03:20Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Undo revision 1698230 by Aditya Ganti (talk)</p>
<hr />
<div>==Adnan Ezici==<br />
'''Adnan Ezici'''<br />
<br />
Email: adnanezc@gmail.com<br />
<br />
==Current Position==<br />
Assistant Editor-In-Chief, [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Main_Page WikiDoc.org]<br />
<br />
Senior Medical Student, Yeditepe University<br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
Simsek, M., Korkmaz, B., Ezici, A., Turer Cabbar, A., Aslanger, E., Ozkalayci, F., Karabay, C. and Degertekin, M., 2021. The Association between Serum Heme Oxygenase-1 Levels and Coronary SYNTAX Score. ''Cardiology'', pp.1-7<ref name="pmid33588423">{{cite journal| author=Simsek MA, Korkmaz B, Ezici A, Turer Cabbar A, Aslanger E, Ozkalayci F | display-authors=etal| title=The Association between Serum Heme Oxygenase-1 Levels and Coronary SYNTAX Score. | journal=Cardiology | year= 2021 | volume= | issue= | pages= 1-7 | pmid=33588423 | doi=10.1159/000513144 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33588423 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
2015 - 2018, Bachelor's Program in Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey<br />
<br />
2018 - 2021, Bachelor's Program in Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<references /></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Adnan_Ezici&diff=1698230
User:Adnan Ezici
2021-04-22T19:02:28Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Education */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Adnan Ezici==<br />
'''Adnan Ezici'''<br />
<br />
Email: adnanezc@gmail.com<br />
<br />
==Current Position==<br />
Assistant Editor-In-Chief, [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Main_Page WikiDoc.org]<br />
<br />
Senior Medical Student, Yeditepe University<br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
Simsek, M., Korkmaz, B., Ezici, A., Turer Cabbar, A., Aslanger, E., Ozkalayci, F., Karabay, C. and Degertekin, M., 2021. The Association between Serum Heme Oxygenase-1 Levels and Coronary SYNTAX Score. ''Cardiology'', pp.1-7<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
2015 - 2018, Bachelor's Program in Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey<br />
<br />
2018 - 2021, Bachelor's Program in Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br /><br />
<references /></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Aditya_Ganti&diff=1697742
User:Aditya Ganti
2021-04-20T16:12:07Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
==Aditya Ganti==<br />
'''Aditya Ganti, M.B.B.S'''[[image:Aditya Ganti.jpg|right|386x386px|alt=]]<br />
contact: +1 617-710-1081 <br r><br />
Email: [mailto:aganti@bidmc.harvard.edu aganti@bidmc.harvard.edu] <br><br />
<br />
==Current position==<br />
Postdoctoral Research Fellow,PERFUSE study group<br><br />
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Harvard University<br />
<br />
==Professional Background==<br />
Dr.Aditya Ganti is a postdoctoral research fellow of cardiovascular medicine at the PERFUSE Study Group at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. He received his M.B.B.S.Degree from Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences College in India in 2015. Dr.Aditya is currently an Associate editor in chief at WikiDoc.org<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
2015 M.B.B.S<br />
<br />
2016 ECFMG Certification<br />
<br />
2017 Certification in Manuscript writing and Clinical trial.<br />
<br />
2018 PPCR<br />
<br />
2019 Applied Biostatistics <br />
<br />
2022 MPH <br />
<br />
==Pages authored==<br />
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"><br />
*[[Lung abscess]]<br />
*[[Appendicular abscess]]<br />
*[[Blastomycosis]]<br />
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]<br />
*[[Actinomycosis]]<br />
*[[Typhus]]<br />
*[[Spinal cord compression|Spinal Cord Compression]]<br />
*[[Colonic abscess|Colonic Abscess]]<br />
*[[Cryptosporidiosis]]<br />
*[[Crohn’s disease|Crohn’s Disease]]<br />
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]<br />
*[[Sepsis]]<br />
*[[Haemophilus influenzae infection|Hemophilus influenza infection]]<br />
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]<br />
*[[Fibromyalgia]]<br />
*[[Hirschsprung's disease|Hirschsprung’s disease]]<br />
*[[African trypanosomiasis]]<br />
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]<br />
*[[Hantavirus infection|Hantavirus Infection]]<br />
*[[Schistosomiasis]]<br />
*[[Addison's disease|Addison’s Disease]]<br />
*[[Bourbon virus infection|Bourbon Virus Infection]]<br />
*[[PCOS]]<br />
*[[Kato-Katz thick smear|Kato-Katz Thick Smear]]<br />
*[[Suicide]]<br />
*[[Metabolic Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Toxic Adenoma]]<br />
*[[Celiac disease|Celiac Disease]]<br />
*[[Myxedema coma|Mxyedema Coma]]<br />
*[[Cerebral Palsy]]<br />
*[[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]<br />
*[[Marburg hemorrhagic fever|Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever]]<br />
*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding|Gastrointestinal Bleeding]]<br />
*[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
*[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|Non-Alcoholic Fatty liver disease]]<br />
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease|Inflammatory Bowel disease]] (LP)<br />
*[[Esophagitis]]<br />
*[[Liver mass|Liver Mass]]<br />
*[[Steatorrhea]]<br />
*[[Abdominal parasitic infection|Abdominal Parasitic Infection]]<br />
*[[Large cell carcinoma of the lung|Large Cell Carcinoma of Lung]]<br />
*[[Lung cancer differential diagnosis|Lung Cancer Differential]]<br />
*[[Myopathy differential diagnosis|Myopathies Differential]]<br />
*[[Autism]]<br />
*[[Fat embolism syndrome|Fat Embolism]]<br />
*[[Crystal arthritis|Crystal Arthritis]]<br />
*[[Renal tubular acidosis|RTA]]<br />
*[[Hematuria differential diagnosis|Hematuria Differential Diagnosis]]<br />
*[[C3 glomerulopathy|C3 Glomerulopathy]]<br />
*[[Acute tubular necrosis|ATN]]<br />
*[[Fetal alcohol syndrome|Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Lymphoma|Lymphoma landing Page]]<br />
*[[Oral Lesions]]<br />
*[[Hepatoblastoma]]<br />
*[[Salivary gland tumors|Salivary Gland Tumors]] (LP)<br />
*[[Cervical polyp|Cervical Polyp]]<br />
*[[Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma|Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma]]<br />
*[[Adrenolipoma]]<br />
*Penial Gland tumors<br />
*[[Pineocytoma]]<br />
*[[Pineoblastoma]]<br />
*[[Vestibular tumor|Vestibular Tumor]]<br />
*[[Dysplastic nevus|Dysplastic Nevus]]<br />
*[[Hemangiopericytoma]]<br />
*[[Epithelioid sarcoma|Epithelioid Sarcoma]]<br />
*[[Leucocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 related amyloidosis]]<br />
*[[Restrictive lung disease|Restrictive Lung Disease Landing page]]<br />
*[[Wild type amyloidosis|Wild type (Senile) Amyloidosis]]<br />
*[[Cardiac amyloidosis|ATTR amyloidosis**]]<br />
*[[Transposition of the great vessels|Transposition of Great Vessels]]<br />
*[[Third degree AV block]]<br />
*[[Holiday heart syndrome|Holiday Heart Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Endocardial cushion defect|Endocardial Cushion Defects]]<br />
*[[Bundle branch block|Bundle Branch Block]]<br />
*[[COVID-19-associated dermatologic manifestations|COVID-19 associated Dermatological Manifestations]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Differential Diagnosis Project==<br />
[[Oral Lesions]]<br />
<br />
[[Hematuria]]<br />
<br />
[[Lung cancer]]<br />
<br />
[[Liver mass]]<br />
<br />
[[Gastrointestinal bleeding|Gastrointestinal Bleeding]]<br />
<br />
[[Abdominal parasitic infection|Abdominal Parasitic infection]]<br />
<br />
==Pages Reviewed==</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Ezici&diff=1697741
Sandbox:Ezici
2021-04-20T16:11:29Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hello this is your practice area<br />
==Heading==<br />
<br />
*I want to start a topic with bullets<br />
*What ever you write it is going to come in bullets [[hypotension]]</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Ezici&diff=1697740
Sandbox:Ezici
2021-04-20T16:10:30Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* =HEading */</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello this is your practice area<br />
==Heading==<br />
<br />
* I want to start a topic with bullets<br />
* What ever you write it is going to come in bullets</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Ezici&diff=1697739
Sandbox:Ezici
2021-04-20T16:09:36Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>Hello this is your practice area<br />
====HEading ===</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Ezici&diff=1697738
Sandbox:Ezici
2021-04-20T16:09:15Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Hello this is your practice area"</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello this is your practice area</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Template:Adnan_Ezici&diff=1697735
Template:Adnan Ezici
2021-04-20T16:01:06Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Adnan Ezici, M.D[mailto:adnanezc@gmail.com]"</p>
<hr />
<div>[[User: Adnan Ezici|Adnan Ezici, M.D]][mailto:adnanezc@gmail.com]</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Adnan_Ezici&diff=1697734
User:Adnan Ezici
2021-04-20T15:58:35Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Created page with "Hello Dr Welcome to WIKIDOC"</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello Dr Welcome to WIKIDOC</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Primary_care_status_update&diff=1696394
Primary care status update
2021-04-07T15:29:02Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Topics */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Organ System Project}}<br />
==Primary Care Status Update List==<br />
==High Priority Topics that Needs Content==<br />
<small><small><small><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Cardiology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Pulmonary'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''ENT'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Infectious'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Neurology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Obstetrics-Gynecology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Pediatrics'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Nephrology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Hematology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Psychiatric'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Dermatology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Orthopedics'''<br />
|-<br />
|Complete Chapters<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |6<br />
| colspan="2" |5<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
|-<br />
|Chapters in progress<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |5<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
|-<br />
|Chapters need content<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|'''Cardiology'''<br />
|Assigned <br />
to<br />
|'''Pulmonary'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''ENT'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Infectious'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Neurology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Obstetrics-Gynecology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Pediatrics'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Nephrology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Hematology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Psychiatric'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Dermatology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Orthopedics'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |'''Chapters'''<br />
|Chest pain<br />
(done)<br />
|Nuha<br />
|COPD exacerbation (needs review)<br />
|done<br />
|Allergy<br />
|Marufa<br />
(done)<br />
|FUO<br />
|Mati (done)<br />
|Altered mental status<br />
|Moises<br />
|Abortion<br />
|Nuha (done)<br />
|Vomiting in kids<br />
|Nike ektunde<br />
(done)<br />
|Nocturia resident survival guide<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
(will complete soon)<br />
<br /><br />
|Thrombophilia<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
|Bipolar disorders<br />
|Scholar<br />
|Nevus<br />
|Sogand's scholar<br />
|Knee pain resident survival guide<br />
|Tayyaba (done)<br />
|-<br />
|Orthostatic hypotension<br />
|Mitra<br /><br />
|Acute respiratory distress syndrome (needs review)<br />
|done<br />
|Ear pain<br />
|Niloofar<br />
(done)<br />
|TB<br />
|Mohammed Riad and Zaida<br />
|Headache<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|Gestational hypertension resident survival guide<br />
|Samah<br />
(done)<br />
|Chest pain in kids<br />
|Mitra<br />
(done)<br />
|Flank pain<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Depression<br />
|Ifrah<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Neck pain<br />
|Niloofar<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Bruxism<br />
|Aditya (done)<br />
|HIV<br />
|Kanwal<br />
(done)<br />
|Memory loss<br />
|Zehra Mlaik (done)<br />
|Preeclampsia resident survival guide<br />
|Afrah<br />
(done)<br />
|Fever in kids<br />
|Zaida (done)<br />
|Dysuria<br />
|Nabeel (done)<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Insomnia<br />
|Ali's scholar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Ankle sprain<br />
|Javaria<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Tooth impaction<br />
|Jaspindar (done)<br />
|Gastroentritis<br />
|Mahdi (done)<br />
|Back pain<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Vaginal discharge resident survival guide<br />
|Agnes Rinky (done)<br />
|Acute abdominal pain in kids<br />
|Senfoora<br />
(done)<br />
|Urinary incontinence<br />
|Lina Alatta<br />
(In progress)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Eating disorders<br />
|Adenike<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shoulder pain<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Drooling<br />
|APG<br />
|Hepatitis<br />
|Nazma<br />
(done)<br />
|Dementia<br />
|Fahime (done)<br />
|Gestational Diabetes resident survival guide<br />
|Mydah<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|Chest pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Delirium<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Septal hematoma<br />
|Aditya<br />
|Hepatitis resident survival guide<br />
|Mydah (done)<br />
|Presyncope<br />
|Antara<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|Menopause resident survival guide<br />
|Ayeesha<br />
(done)<br />
|Short stature resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|Eman<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Thyroid dysfunction of pregnancy<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Fever and rash resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|New Sch<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
</small></small></small><br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
!Internal Medicine<br />
!Dermatology<br />
!ENT<br />
!Neurology<br />
!OB-GYN<br />
!Orthopedics<br />
!Pediatrics<br />
!Psychiatry<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|173 (previously was 170)<br />
|128<br />
| rowspan="3" | -<br />
|2<br />
|20<br />
|0 + 6<br />
|1<br />
|12<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|34<br />
| rowspan="2" |38<br />
| rowspan="2" |1<br />
| rowspan="2" |6<br />
| rowspan="2" |9 + 6<br />
| rowspan="2" |18<br />
| rowspan="2" |15<br />
| rowspan="2" |7<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|60<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|115 <br />
(previously was 110)<br />
|68<br />
|1<br />
|8<br />
|4<br />
|7 + 9<br />
|0<br />
|10<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|61<br />
| rowspan="2" |50<br />
| rowspan="2" |9<br />
| rowspan="2" |19<br />
| rowspan="2" |28<br />
| rowspan="2" |4 + 2<br />
| rowspan="2" |16<br />
| rowspan="2" |15<br />
| rowspan="2" |9<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|91<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Review Progress|Review Progress by Fellows]]===<br />
<br />
==Cardiology==<br />
===Cardiology Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|51<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Heart murmur]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Heart murmur resident survival guide]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Jugular venous pressure]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Jugular venous distention resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mitra and Mandana<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Cyanosis]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|needs review<br />
|[[Cyanosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Acute coronary syndromes|Acute coronary syndrome]]<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Acute coronary syndrome resident survival guide]]||''Landing page''||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Heart failure resident survival guide]]||Mahmoud/Dr. Kay||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Arrhythmia resident survival guide]]||Rim||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Atrial fibrillation resident survival guide]]||Vidit||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Landing page||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Arash Moosavi||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Thoracic aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Roghaye Marandi||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic dissection resident survival guide]]||Chetan/Serge||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic regurgitation resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic stenosis resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Atrial flutter resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Bradycardia]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Bradycardia resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko: Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac arrest resident survival guide]]||Rim: Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiogenic shock resident survival guide]]||Gerry||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Chest pain]]<br />
|Aisha Adigun<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide]]||Rim/Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac catheterization pre-procedure evaluation resident survival guide]]||Yaz||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Dyslipidemia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyslipidemia resident survival guide]]||Javaria||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Electrocardiography resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Endocarditis resident survival guide]]||Mohamed||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Pericarditis resident survival guide]]||Mugilan||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Hypertension]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypertension resident survival guide]]||Landing page||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Chronic hypertension resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Hypertensive crisis resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Narrow complex tachycardia resident survival guide]]||Hilda/Rim/Twinkle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac tamponade resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Low flow low gradient aortic stenosis resident survival guide]]||Rim||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac risk assessment prior to non-cardiac surgery resident survival guide]]||Yaz||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Dilated cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Restrictive cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Claudication]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Claudication resident survival guide]]||Jose Loyola||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Mitral regurgitation resident survival guide]]||Mugilan||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Mitral stenosis resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Pulseless electrical activity resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Palpitation]]<br />
|Akash<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Palpitations resident survival guide]]||Alonso||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Shortness of breath]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Shortness of breath resident survival guide]]||Steven||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[STEMI resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Right ventricular myocardial infarction resident survival guide]]||Mitra and Mandana||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Syncope]]<br />
|<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|[[Syncope resident survival guide]]||Karol/Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Unstable angina/ NSTEMI resident survival guide]]||Yaz||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Valvular diseases resident survival guide]]||Landing page||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[VTE prevention resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Wide complex tachycardia resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome resident survival guide]]||Alonso||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Orthostatic hypotension]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Hypotension resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dermatology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Chapters that need content}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Scholar's name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Completion Status}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="19" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |Dermatology<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Burn]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Eman<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Complete<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ulcers<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Acne]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tayyaba<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Urticaria]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Anahita<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Rash]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Alopecia]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hanna Nabude<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pruritus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hanna Nabude<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dermatitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Landing page<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dermatitis herpetiformis|Dermatitis herpetiform]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ehsan<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Nevus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Endocrinology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Endocrinology Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care topics}}<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care resident survival guides}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Specialty}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Topic}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Resident Survival Guide Page}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF| Status}}<br />
|-<br />
!Endocrinology<br />
!'''Diabetes Mellitus'''<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Thyroid nodule]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Thyroid nodule resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Osteoporosis]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Osteoporosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hirsutism]]<br />
|Aditya<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hirsutism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mojdeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Prolactinoma]]<br />
|Anmol<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperprolactinoma resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hypothyroidism]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypothyroidism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ayeesha.K<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Gynecomastia]]<br />
|Husnain<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Gynecomastia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ifrah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Goiter]]<br />
|Aravind<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Goiter resident survival guide]]<br />
|Fatemeh (Mina)<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hyperthyroidism]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperthyroidism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Adrenal insufficiency]]<br />
|Ayesha K<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Adrenal insufficiency resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ayesha K<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Short Stature]]<br />
|Ayesha FJ<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|[[Short stature resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Diabetes]] Landing Page<br />
|Tarek<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|Diabetes Type I<br />
|Mahdi<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|Diabetes Type II<br />
|Mahdi<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes|GDM]]<br />
|Mahdi-Fatemeh<br />
|Needs update<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gastroenterology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|25<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Abdominal pain]]<br />
|Ayesha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Abdominal pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Amr Marawan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Nausea and vomiting]]<br />
|Ali Mirza<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Vomiting resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Bloating]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Bloating resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Jaundice]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Jaundice resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Heartburn]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Heartburn resident survival guide]]<br />
|Jose<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acetaminophen toxicity]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acetaminophen overdose resident survival guide|Acetaminophen toxicity resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vidit<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea|Acute diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute liver failure]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute liver failure resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Acute pancreatitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vidit<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Chronic pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Appendicitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Appendicitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Teresa<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ascites]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ascites resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle/Steven<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Biliary tract diseases]]<br />
|Asra<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Biliary tract diseases resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Cholangitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Cholangitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute cholecystitis|Acute Cholecystitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute cholecystitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Chronic cholecystitis|Chronic Cholecystitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Chronic cholecystitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Choledocholithiasis]]<br />
|Nike Eketunde<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Choledocholithiasis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Cholelithiasis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Cholelithiasis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea|Chronic diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Chronic diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Clostridium difficile]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Clostridium difficile infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Constipation]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Constipation resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Crohn’s disease]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Crohn's disease resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Esophageal rupture]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Esophageal rupture resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ileus]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ileus resident survival guide]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Intestinal ischemia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Intestinal ischemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute pancreatitis|Gallstone pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gallstone pancreatitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Nutrition]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Nutrition resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ulcerative colitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ulcerative colitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Gastrointestinal varices]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Varices and variceal bleed resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Dysphagia]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Dysphagia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mounika (Krishna's Scholar)<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gynecology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary Care Cahpters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care Resident Survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident survival guides<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Adenomyosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Amenorrhea<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bacterial vaginosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bartholine cyst and abcess<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Birth control resident survival guide|Contraception resident survival guide]]<br />
|Huda Karman<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide|Cervical cancer screening]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cervicitis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chronic pelvic pain]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Chronic pelvic pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Dysfunctional uterine bleeding<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dyspareunia]]<br />
|Roghayeh<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyspareunia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endometriosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endometrial cancer<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hypogastric pain]]<br />
|Hilda<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hypogastric pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Amr Marawan<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Imperforate hymen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Infertility]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Infertility resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mastitis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Menorrhagia<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menopause]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Menopause resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Ayeesha<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Pelvic organ prolapse resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menstrual cycle]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Menstrual disorders resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Ovarian cyst/Ovarian tumors<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Pelvic inflammatory disease<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Precocious puberty]]<br />
|Maysoon<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Sexual violence resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Need english review<br />
|-<br />
|PCOS<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Postmenopausal bleeding<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sexual dysfunction]]<br />
|Shakiba<br />
|Nedds content<br />
|[[Sexual dysfunction resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vaginal prolapse]]<br />
|Eman<br />
|Under review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vaginal discharge|Vaginal discharge]]<br />
|Samah<br />
|Under review<br />
|[[Vaginal discharge resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vulvovaginitis]]<br />
|Zorkun<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Vulvovaginitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Hematology==<br />
<br />
===Status Update===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapter<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Easy bruising]]<br />
|Raviteja Guddeti<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Easy bruising resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Thrombophilia]]<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Thrombophilia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Anemia]]<br />
|Mehrian Jafarizade<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Anemia resident survival guide]]||Chetan||Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematalogy<br />
|[[Fatigue]]<br />
|M.Umer Tariq<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Fatigue resident survival guide]]<br />
|Monika, Tayyeba<br />
|Complete/English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematalogy<br />
|[[Pica]]<br />
|Nabeel<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Pica resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Polycythemia]]<br />
|Zaida, Debuty<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Polycythemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Alieh Behjat<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Aplastic anemia]]<br />
|Nazia Fuad<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Aplastic anemia resident survival guide]]||Chetan||Needs Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Hemolytic anemia]]<br />
|Shyam Patel<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hemolytic anemia resident survival guide]]||Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Heparin induced thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Aric C. Hall<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[HIT resident survival guide]]||Karol||Needs Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Immune Thrombocytopenia|Immune Thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Rahmah<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Immune Thrombocytopenia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Venous thromboembolism|VTE]]<br />
|Syed Hassan A. Kazmi<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[VTE prevention resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Acute Leukemia]]<br />
|Alieh Behjat<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Acute leukemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Pancytopenia]]<br />
|Cafer Zorkun<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Pancytopenia resident survival guide]]||Sanjana<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Thrombocytopenia resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Febrile neutropenia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Febrile neutropenia resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Bleeding disorders]]<br />
|Sogand Goudarzi<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Bleeding disorder resident survival guide]]||Javaria<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[DIC]]<br />
|Omer Kamal<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[DIC resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Transfusion therapy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Transfusion therapy resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Infectious Disease==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Community acquired pneumonia]]<br />
|[[User:Alejandro Lemor|Alejandro Lemor, M.D.]]<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Community acquired pneumonia resident survival guide]]||Chetan:Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Urinary tract infection]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Sinusitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Sinusitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Sore throat resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Otalgia|Ear pain]]<br />
|Wardah<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Ear pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Wardah<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Cellulitis]]<br />
|Saud khan<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Cellulitis resident survival guide]]||Mydah||Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Diabetic foot]]<br />
|<br />
|complete||[[Diabetic foot resident survival guide]]||Ifrah<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Meningitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Meningitis resident survival guide]]||Niloofar<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Fever of unknown origin]]<br />
|Harshitha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fever of unknown origin resident survival guide]]||Gerry<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Rash with fever|Fever and rash]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Rash with fever resident survival guide]]||Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Norovirus infection]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Norovirus outbreak resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Sepsis]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Sepsis resident survival guide]]||Ahmed||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Tb|Tuberculosis]]<br />
|Mashal, Mohamed Riad<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Tuberculosis resident survival guide|Tuberculosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Lyme Disease|Lyme disease]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Lyme resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Botulism]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Botulism resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[HIV]]<br />
|kanwal<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[HIV resident survival guide]]<br />
|kanwal<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Influenza (Flu) (For Medical Professionals)|Influnza]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Influenza resident survival guide|Influnza resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mounika<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[STD]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[STD resident survival guide]]<br />
|farjana<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Gastroenteritis, eosinophilic|Gastroentritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gastroenteritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Hepatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hepatitis survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
==Kidney Disease==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Acute kidney injury]]<br />
|Farima kahe<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute kidney failure resident survival guide]]||Kanwal Khmuani||Needs some review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Acidosis]]<br />
|Carlos<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Acidosis resident survival guide]]|| ||P<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hyperkalemia]]<br />
|Jogeeth Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperkalemia resident survival guide]]||Mahmoud||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hypokalemia]]<br />
|Cafer Zorkun<br />
|Needs some content<br />
|[[Hypokalemia resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hypernatremia]]<br />
|Feham Tariq<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypernatremia resident survival guide]]||Mounika (Ahmed's scholar)||Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hyponatremia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Hyponatremia resident survival guide]]||Priyamvada||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Metabolic acidosis]]<br />
|Priyamvada Singh<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Metabolic acidosis resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Metabolic alkalosis]]<br />
|Priyamvada Singh<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Metabolic alkalosis resident survival guide]]||Marufa Marium<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Respiratory acidosis]]<br />
|Nasrin<br />
|Assigned needs content<br />
|[[Respiratory acidosis resident survival guide]]||Qasim Khurshid||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Respiratory alkalosis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Respiratory alkalosis resident survival guide]]||Rinky||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Nephrolithiasis]]<br />
|Amandeep Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Nephrolithiasis resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Nocturia]]<br />
|Sivakrishna Kumar( Nasrin)<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Nocturia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Polyuria]]<br />
|Amandeep Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Polyuria resident survival guide]]||Zaida<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Renal artery stenosis]]<br />
|Shivam<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Renal artery stenosis resident survival guide]]||Karol||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Hematuria]]<br />
|Sivakrishna Kumar<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hematuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Dysuria]]<br />
|Nabeel<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dysuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Flank pain]]<br />
|Jaspinder<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Flank pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Qasim Khurshid<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection]]<br />
|Usama Talib<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Pyuria]]<br />
|Sadaf<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Pyuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Hypertension]]<br />
|Usama Talib<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypertension resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Edema generalized|Edema]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Edema resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sara zand<br />
|Being reviewed by Jose<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary retention]]<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Urinary retention resident survival guide]]<br />
|Kanwal Khmuani<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence]]<br />
|Lina Alatta<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence resident survival guide]]<br />
|Maneesha<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Neurology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|20<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|22<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
<br /><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |<br />
=====Symptoms=====<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Altered mental status]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Altered mental status resident survival guide]]||Moises||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Blurred vision]]<br />
|Golnaz<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Blurred vision resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Dizziness]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Dizziness resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Gait disturbance]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gait disturbance resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Generalized weakness]]<br />
|Antara<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Generalized weakness resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Headache]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Headache resident survival guide]]||Niloofar/Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|Jerks/ twitches<br />
|<br />
|Needs to be created<br />
|[[Jerks/ twitches resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Memory loss]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Memory loss resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Slurred speach|Slurred speech]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Slurred speach resident survival guide|Slurred speech resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Seizure]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Seizure resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Status epilepticus]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Status epilepticus resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Tremor]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Tremor resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Vertigo]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Vertigo resident survival guide]]||Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |<br />
=====Disorders=====<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Alzheimer's disease]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Alzheimer's disease resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Alcohol withdrawal]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Alcohol withdrawal resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Back pain]]<br />
|Dr.Mars<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Back pain resident survival guide]]||Hilda||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Brain tumor]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Dementia]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dementia resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Encephalitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Encephalitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Epilepsy]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Epilepsy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Migraine]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review and hyperlink<br />
|[[Migraine resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Meningitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Meningitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Multiple sclerosis]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Multiple sclerosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Myasthenia gravis]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Myasthenia gravis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Opioid overdose]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Opioid overdose resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Opioid withdrawal]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Opioid withdrawal resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Parkinson's disease]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Parkinson resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Peripheral neuropathy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Stroke]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Stroke resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Traumatic brain injury]]<br />
|Joanna Ek<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Transient ischemic attack]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review and hyperlink<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Obstetrics==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary Care Cahpters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care Resident Survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident survival guides<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abortion]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Huda<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Abortion resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ifeoma<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Abruptio placenta<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amniotic fluid embolism]]<br />
|Aida<br />
|Needs review<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Antenatal care<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bleeding in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cesarean delivery]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Early pregnancy loss<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ectopic pregnancy]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Ectopic pregnancy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Endometritis]]<br />
|Shakiba<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Endometritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pregnancy induced hypertension|Gestational Hypertension]]<br />
|Ranky<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gestational hypertension resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Ranky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|HIV in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Hyperemesis Gravidarum<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Hydatiform mole<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Placenta previa<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Preeclampsia]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Preeclampsia resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Preterm labor]]<br />
|Jose<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Preterm labor resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Premature rupture of membranes]]<br />
|Saud<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Premature rupture of membranes resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|Post term pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Perinatal infections|Perinatal infection]]<br />
Puerperal sepsis <br />
|Needs content<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Perinatal infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Recurrent pregnancy loss<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|In progress<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Vaccination in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Oncology==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Scholar<br />
!Completion status<br />
!Review status<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |'''Screening & prevention'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" |Oncology||[[Breast cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Breast cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cervical cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Colorectal cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Endometrial cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lung cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs minor revision<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Prostate cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Skin cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abdominal mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs minor revision<br />
|[[Abdominal mass resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|[[Breast lumps|Breast mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|Apeksha<br />
|<br />
|Under progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lymphadenopathy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Lymphadenopathy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|[[Weight loss]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Weight loss resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthopedics==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|16<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|11<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Joint pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Dr MARS<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint swelling]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Hot joint<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Knee pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Knee pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayyaba<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Knee swelling<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Costocondritis<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint stiffness]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Heel pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Back pain]]<br />
|Fahime<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Frozen shoulder]]<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Shoulder pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Neck pain]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Ankle sprain]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Gout]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gout resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Osteoarthritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Septic arthritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Septic arthritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra, Aditya<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Osteoporosis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Osteoporosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Otolaryngology==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|12<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|3<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care chapters}}<br />
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care resident survival guides}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Topic}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Resident survival guide pages}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="30" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Otolaryngology<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Allergy]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Marufa Marium<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Aphthous ulcer]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Jose<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Halitosis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mydah<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dysphonia]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Sore throat resident survival guide]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mydah<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Otalgia|Ear pain]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Niloofar<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Epistaxis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amir behzad Bagheri<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Epistaxis resident survival guide]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amir behzad Bagheri<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Complete<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Gingivitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[User:JaspinderKaur|Jaspinder Kaur]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tinnitus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sabeeh<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sabeeh<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bruxism]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Deafness]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[User:Dinesh|Dinesh]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Disequilibrium]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs Content<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |{{Norina Usman}}<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs review<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Drooling]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Adnan/Apeksha<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dysarthria]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zehra Malik<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperacusis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |{{Norina Usman}}<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Labyrinthitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[User:Dinesh|Dinesh]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Septal hematoma<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|Tooth Impaction<br />
|[[User:JaspinderKaur|Jaspinder Kaur]]<br />
|Completed<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Nasal Polyp<br />
|Christina<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Pediatrics==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="24" |Pediatrics<br />
|[[Headache in kids]]<br />
|Iman Djarraya<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Headache resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Neepa Shah, Hanan Elkalawy<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vertigo in kids]]<br />
|Aisha Adigun<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Vertigo resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vomiting in kids]]<br />
|Adenike Eketunde<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|[[Vomiting resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asra Firdous<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diarrhea in kids]]<br />
|Debduti Mukhopadhyay<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Diarrhea resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abdominal pain in kids]]<br />
|[[User:Lina Alatta|<bdi>Lina Alatta</bdi>]]<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Acute abdominal pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaundice in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Jaundice resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asra Firdous<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Constipation in kids]]<br />
|Dushka Riaz<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Samah Obaiah<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fatigue in kids]]<br />
|Mydah Sajid<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fatigue resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chest pain in kids]]<br />
|Weal A Abdelmottaleb<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cough in kids]]<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Cough resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali, Maysoon<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cyanosis in newborns]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Cyanosis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Delirium in kids]]<br />
|Adnan Zaman<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Delirium resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Obesity in kids]]<br />
|Iman Djarraya<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Obesity resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diabetes in kids]]<br />
|Jaspinder Kaur<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Diabetic ketoacidosis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fever in kids]]<br />
|Zaida Obeidat<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fever resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fever and rash in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Fever and rash resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sore throat in kids]]<br />
|Soujanya, Rija Gul<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Sore throat resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asia Alriashi<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Conjunctivitis in kids]]<br />
|Seyed Arash Javadmoosavi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Conjunctivitis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Arash Moosavi<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Red eye in kids]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Red eye resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sinusitis in kids]]<br />
|Archana Vajjala<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Sinusitis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ear pain in kids]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Ear pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Amira Albawri<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Failure to thrive in kids]]<br />
|Akash Daswaney<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Failure to thrive resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection in kids]]<br />
|Rana Aljebzi<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Rana Aljebzi<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|In progress<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Psychiatry==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|8 (needs review)<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[ADD/ADHD]]<br />
|Kiran Singh<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Bipolar disorder]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Bipolar disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Clinical depression|Depression / Clinical depression]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Clinical depression resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky Agnes Botleroo<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Eating disorder]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Eating disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Generalized anxiety disorder]]<br />
|Irfan Dotani<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Generalized anxiety disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Illness anxiety disorder]]<br />
|Jesus Rosario Hernandez<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Agoraphobia]]<br />
|Kiran Singh<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Nonsuicidal self-injury]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Panic disorder]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Seasonal affective disorder]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Suicidal ideation]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|In progress<br />
| || ||Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Substance abuse]]<br />
|Uma Maveli<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Psychosis]]<br />
|Vindhya<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|Homicidal ideation<br />
|<br />
|Needs to be created<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Insomnia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Insomnia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Dementia]]<br />
|SAI<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dementia resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]<br />
|Abhishek Reddy<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Delirium]]<br />
|Pratik Bahekar<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Delirium resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pulmonary==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Asthma|Asthma exacerbation]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Asthma exacerbation resident survival guide]]||Abdurahman, Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD exacerbation]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review||[[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Cough]]<br />
|Abiodun Akanmode<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cough resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Dyspnea]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyspnea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Chest pain]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Hemoptysis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hemoptysis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Teresa<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Anaphylaxis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Anaphylaxis resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review||[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Pleural effusion]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Pleural effusion resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Pulmonary embolism]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Lung mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Lung mass resident survival guide]]<br />
|Akshun Kalia<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br /></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Primary_care_status_update&diff=1696393
Primary care status update
2021-04-07T15:28:27Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Topics */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Organ System Project}}<br />
==Primary Care Status Update List==<br />
==High Priority Topics that Needs Content==<br />
<small><small><small><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Cardiology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Pulmonary'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''ENT'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Infectious'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Neurology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Obstetrics-Gynecology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Pediatrics'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Nephrology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Hematology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Psychiatric'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Dermatology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Orthopedics'''<br />
|-<br />
|Complete Chapters<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |6<br />
| colspan="2" |5<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
|-<br />
|Chapters in progress<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |5<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
|-<br />
|Chapters need content<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|'''Cardiology'''<br />
|Assigned <br />
to<br />
|'''Pulmonary'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''ENT'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Infectious'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Neurology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Obstetrics-Gynecology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Pediatrics'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Nephrology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Hematology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Psychiatric'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Dermatology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Orthopedics'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |'''Chapters'''<br />
|Chest pain<br />
(done)<br />
|Nuha<br />
|COPD exacerbation (needs review)<br />
|done<br />
|Allergy<br />
|Marufa<br />
(done)<br />
|FUO<br />
|Mati (done)<br />
|Altered mental status<br />
|Moises<br />
|Abortion<br />
|Nuha (done)<br />
|Vomiting in kids<br />
|Nike ektunde<br />
(done)<br />
|Nocturia resident survival guide<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
(will complete soon)<br />
<br /><br />
|Thrombophilia<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
|Bipolar disorders<br />
|Scholar<br />
|Nevus<br />
|Sogand's scholar<br />
|Knee pain resident survival guide<br />
|Tayyaba (done)<br />
|-<br />
|Orthostatic hypotension<br />
|Mitra<br /><br />
|Acute respiratory distress syndrome (needs review)<br />
|done<br />
|Ear pain<br />
|Niloofar<br />
(done)<br />
|TB<br />
|Mohammed Riad and Zaida<br />
|Headache<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|Gestational hypertension resident survival guide<br />
|Samah<br />
(done)<br />
|Chest pain in kids<br />
|Mitra<br />
(done)<br />
|Flank pain<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Depression<br />
|Ifrah<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Neck pain<br />
|Niloofar<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Bruxism<br />
|Aditya (done)<br />
|HIV<br />
|Kanwal<br />
(done)<br />
|Memory loss<br />
|Zehra Mlaik (done)<br />
|Preeclampsia resident survival guide<br />
|Afrah<br />
(done)<br />
|Fever in kids<br />
|Zaida (done)<br />
|Dysuria<br />
|Nabeel (done)<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Insomnia<br />
|Ali's scholar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Ankle sprain<br />
|Javaria<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Tooth impaction<br />
|Jaspindar (done)<br />
|Gastroentritis<br />
|Mahdi (done)<br />
|Back pain<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Vaginal discharge resident survival guide<br />
|Agnes Rinky (done)<br />
|Acute abdominal pain in kids<br />
|Senfoora<br />
(done)<br />
|Urinary incontinence<br />
|Lina Alatta<br />
(In progress)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Eating disorders<br />
|Adenike<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shoulder pain<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Drooling<br />
|APG<br />
|Hepatitis<br />
|Nazma<br />
(done)<br />
|Dementia<br />
|Fahime (done)<br />
|Gestational Diabetes resident survival guide<br />
|Mydah<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|Chest pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Delirium<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Septal hematoma<br />
|Aditya<br />
|Hepatitis resident survival guide<br />
|Mydah (done)<br />
|Presyncope<br />
|Antara<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|Menopause resident survival guide<br />
|Ayeesha<br />
(done)<br />
|Short stature resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|Eman<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Thyroid dysfunction of pregnancy<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Fever and rash resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|New Sch<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
</small></small></small><br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
!Internal Medicine<br />
!Dermatology<br />
!ENT<br />
!Neurology<br />
!OB-GYN<br />
!Orthopedics<br />
!Pediatrics<br />
!Psychiatry<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|173 (previously was 170)<br />
|128<br />
| rowspan="3" | -<br />
|2<br />
|20<br />
|0 + 6<br />
|1<br />
|12<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|34<br />
| rowspan="2" |38<br />
| rowspan="2" |1<br />
| rowspan="2" |6<br />
| rowspan="2" |9 + 6<br />
| rowspan="2" |18<br />
| rowspan="2" |15<br />
| rowspan="2" |7<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|60<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|115 <br />
(previously was 110)<br />
|68<br />
|1<br />
|8<br />
|4<br />
|7 + 9<br />
|0<br />
|10<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|61<br />
| rowspan="2" |50<br />
| rowspan="2" |9<br />
| rowspan="2" |19<br />
| rowspan="2" |28<br />
| rowspan="2" |4 + 2<br />
| rowspan="2" |16<br />
| rowspan="2" |15<br />
| rowspan="2" |9<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|91<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Review Progress|Review Progress by Fellows]]===<br />
<br />
==Cardiology==<br />
===Cardiology Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|51<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Heart murmur]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Heart murmur resident survival guide]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Jugular venous pressure]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Jugular venous distention resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mitra and Mandana<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Cyanosis]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|needs review<br />
|[[Cyanosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Acute coronary syndromes|Acute coronary syndrome]]<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Acute coronary syndrome resident survival guide]]||''Landing page''||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Heart failure resident survival guide]]||Mahmoud/Dr. Kay||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Arrhythmia resident survival guide]]||Rim||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Atrial fibrillation resident survival guide]]||Vidit||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Landing page||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Arash Moosavi||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Thoracic aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Roghaye Marandi||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic dissection resident survival guide]]||Chetan/Serge||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic regurgitation resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic stenosis resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Atrial flutter resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Bradycardia]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Bradycardia resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko: Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac arrest resident survival guide]]||Rim: Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiogenic shock resident survival guide]]||Gerry||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Chest pain]]<br />
|Aisha Adigun<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide]]||Rim/Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac catheterization pre-procedure evaluation resident survival guide]]||Yaz||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Dyslipidemia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyslipidemia resident survival guide]]||Javaria||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Electrocardiography resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Endocarditis resident survival guide]]||Mohamed||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Pericarditis resident survival guide]]||Mugilan||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Hypertension]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypertension resident survival guide]]||Landing page||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Chronic hypertension resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Hypertensive crisis resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Narrow complex tachycardia resident survival guide]]||Hilda/Rim/Twinkle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac tamponade resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Low flow low gradient aortic stenosis resident survival guide]]||Rim||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac risk assessment prior to non-cardiac surgery resident survival guide]]||Yaz||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Dilated cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Restrictive cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Claudication]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Claudication resident survival guide]]||Jose Loyola||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Mitral regurgitation resident survival guide]]||Mugilan||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Mitral stenosis resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Pulseless electrical activity resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Palpitation]]<br />
|Akash<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Palpitations resident survival guide]]||Alonso||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Shortness of breath]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Shortness of breath resident survival guide]]||Steven||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[STEMI resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Right ventricular myocardial infarction resident survival guide]]||Mitra and Mandana||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Syncope]]<br />
|<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|[[Syncope resident survival guide]]||Karol/Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Unstable angina/ NSTEMI resident survival guide]]||Yaz||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Valvular diseases resident survival guide]]||Landing page||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[VTE prevention resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Wide complex tachycardia resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome resident survival guide]]||Alonso||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Orthostatic hypotension]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Hypotension resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dermatology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Chapters that need content}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Scholar's name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Completion Status}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="19" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |Dermatology<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Burn]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Eman<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Complete<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ulcers<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Acne]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tayyaba<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Urticaria]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Anahita<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Rash]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Alopecia]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hanna Nabude<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pruritus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hanna Nabude<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dermatitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Landing page<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dermatitis herpetiformis|Dermatitis herpetiform]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ehsan<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Nevus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Endocrinology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Endocrinology Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care topics}}<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care resident survival guides}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Specialty}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Topic}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Resident Survival Guide Page}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF| Status}}<br />
|-<br />
!Endocrinology<br />
!'''Diabetes Mellitus'''<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Thyroid nodule]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Thyroid nodule resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Osteoporosis]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Osteoporosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hirsutism]]<br />
|Aditya<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hirsutism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mojdeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Prolactinoma]]<br />
|Anmol<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperprolactinoma resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hypothyroidism]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypothyroidism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ayeesha.K<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Gynecomastia]]<br />
|Husnain<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Gynecomastia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ifrah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Goiter]]<br />
|Aravind<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Goiter resident survival guide]]<br />
|Fatemeh (Mina)<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hyperthyroidism]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperthyroidism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Adrenal insufficiency]]<br />
|Ayesha K<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Adrenal insufficiency resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ayesha K<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Short Stature]]<br />
|Ayesha FJ<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|[[Short stature resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Diabetes]] Landing Page<br />
|Tarek<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|Diabetes Type I<br />
|Mahdi<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|Diabetes Type II<br />
|Mahdi<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes|GDM]]<br />
|Mahdi-Fatemeh<br />
|Needs update<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gastroenterology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|25<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Abdominal pain]]<br />
|Ayesha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Abdominal pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Amr Marawan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Nausea and vomiting]]<br />
|Ali Mirza<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Vomiting resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Bloating]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Bloating resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Jaundice]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Jaundice resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Heartburn]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Heartburn resident survival guide]]<br />
|Jose<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acetaminophen toxicity]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acetaminophen overdose resident survival guide|Acetaminophen toxicity resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vidit<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea|Acute diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute liver failure]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute liver failure resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Acute pancreatitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vidit<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Chronic pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Appendicitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Appendicitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Teresa<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ascites]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ascites resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle/Steven<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Biliary tract diseases]]<br />
|Asra<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Biliary tract diseases resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Cholangitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Cholangitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute cholecystitis|Acute Cholecystitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute cholecystitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Chronic cholecystitis|Chronic Cholecystitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Chronic cholecystitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Choledocholithiasis]]<br />
|Nike Eketunde<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Choledocholithiasis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Cholelithiasis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Cholelithiasis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea|Chronic diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Chronic diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Clostridium difficile]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Clostridium difficile infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Constipation]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Constipation resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Crohn’s disease]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Crohn's disease resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Esophageal rupture]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Esophageal rupture resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ileus]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ileus resident survival guide]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Intestinal ischemia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Intestinal ischemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute pancreatitis|Gallstone pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gallstone pancreatitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Nutrition]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Nutrition resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ulcerative colitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ulcerative colitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Gastrointestinal varices]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Varices and variceal bleed resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Dysphagia]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Dysphagia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mounika (Krishna's Scholar)<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gynecology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary Care Cahpters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care Resident Survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident survival guides<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Adenomyosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Amenorrhea<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bacterial vaginosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bartholine cyst and abcess<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Birth control resident survival guide|Contraception resident survival guide]]<br />
|Huda Karman<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide|Cervical cancer screening]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cervicitis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chronic pelvic pain]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Chronic pelvic pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Dysfunctional uterine bleeding<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dyspareunia]]<br />
|Roghayeh<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyspareunia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endometriosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endometrial cancer<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hypogastric pain]]<br />
|Hilda<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hypogastric pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Amr Marawan<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Imperforate hymen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Infertility]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Infertility resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mastitis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Menorrhagia<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menopause]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Menopause resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Ayeesha<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Pelvic organ prolapse resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menstrual cycle]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Menstrual disorders resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Ovarian cyst/Ovarian tumors<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Pelvic inflammatory disease<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Precocious puberty]]<br />
|Maysoon<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Sexual violence resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Need english review<br />
|-<br />
|PCOS<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Postmenopausal bleeding<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sexual dysfunction]]<br />
|Shakiba<br />
|Nedds content<br />
|[[Sexual dysfunction resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vaginal prolapse]]<br />
|Eman<br />
|Under review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vaginal discharge|Vaginal discharge]]<br />
|Samah<br />
|Under review<br />
|[[Vaginal discharge resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vulvovaginitis]]<br />
|Zorkun<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Vulvovaginitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Hematology==<br />
<br />
===Status Update===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapter<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Easy bruising]]<br />
|Raviteja Guddeti<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Easy bruising resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Thrombophilia]]<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Thrombophilia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Anemia]]<br />
|Mehrian Jafarizade<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Anemia resident survival guide]]||Chetan||Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematalogy<br />
|[[Fatigue]]<br />
|M.Umer Tariq<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Fatigue resident survival guide]]<br />
|Monika, Tayyeba<br />
|Complete/English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematalogy<br />
|[[Pica]]<br />
|Nabeel<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Pica resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Polycythemia]]<br />
|Zaida, Debuty<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Polycythemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Alieh Behjat<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Aplastic anemia]]<br />
|Nazia Fuad<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Aplastic anemia resident survival guide]]||Chetan||Needs Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Hemolytic anemia]]<br />
|Shyam Patel<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hemolytic anemia resident survival guide]]||Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Heparin induced thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Aric C. Hall<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[HIT resident survival guide]]||Karol||Needs Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Immune Thrombocytopenia|Immune Thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Rahmah<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Immune Thrombocytopenia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Venous thromboembolism|VTE]]<br />
|Syed Hassan A. Kazmi<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[VTE prevention resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Acute Leukemia]]<br />
|Alieh Behjat<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Acute leukemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Pancytopenia]]<br />
|Cafer Zorkun<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Pancytopenia resident survival guide]]||Sanjana<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Thrombocytopenia resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Febrile neutropenia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Febrile neutropenia resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Bleeding disorders]]<br />
|Sogand Goudarzi<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Bleeding disorder resident survival guide]]||Javaria<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[DIC]]<br />
|Omer Kamal<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[DIC resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Transfusion therapy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Transfusion therapy resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Infectious Disease==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Community acquired pneumonia]]<br />
|[[User:Alejandro Lemor|Alejandro Lemor, M.D.]]<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Community acquired pneumonia resident survival guide]]||Chetan:Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Urinary tract infection]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Sinusitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Sinusitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Sore throat resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Otalgia|Ear pain]]<br />
|Wardah<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Ear pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Wardah<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Cellulitis]]<br />
|Saud khan<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Cellulitis resident survival guide]]||Mydah||Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Diabetic foot]]<br />
|<br />
|complete||[[Diabetic foot resident survival guide]]||Ifrah<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Meningitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Meningitis resident survival guide]]||Niloofar<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Fever of unknown origin]]<br />
|Harshitha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fever of unknown origin resident survival guide]]||Gerry<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Rash with fever|Fever and rash]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Rash with fever resident survival guide]]||Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Norovirus infection]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Norovirus outbreak resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Sepsis]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Sepsis resident survival guide]]||Ahmed||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Tb|Tuberculosis]]<br />
|Mashal, Mohamed Riad<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Tuberculosis resident survival guide|Tuberculosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Lyme Disease|Lyme disease]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Lyme resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Botulism]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Botulism resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[HIV]]<br />
|kanwal<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[HIV resident survival guide]]<br />
|kanwal<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Influenza (Flu) (For Medical Professionals)|Influnza]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Influenza resident survival guide|Influnza resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mounika<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[STD]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[STD resident survival guide]]<br />
|farjana<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Gastroenteritis, eosinophilic|Gastroentritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gastroenteritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Hepatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hepatitis survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
==Kidney Disease==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Acute kidney injury]]<br />
|Farima kahe<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute kidney failure resident survival guide]]||Kanwal Khmuani||Needs some review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Acidosis]]<br />
|Carlos<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Acidosis resident survival guide]]|| ||P<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hyperkalemia]]<br />
|Jogeeth Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperkalemia resident survival guide]]||Mahmoud||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hypokalemia]]<br />
|Cafer Zorkun<br />
|Needs some content<br />
|[[Hypokalemia resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hypernatremia]]<br />
|Feham Tariq<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypernatremia resident survival guide]]||Mounika (Ahmed's scholar)||Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hyponatremia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Hyponatremia resident survival guide]]||Priyamvada||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Metabolic acidosis]]<br />
|Priyamvada Singh<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Metabolic acidosis resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Metabolic alkalosis]]<br />
|Priyamvada Singh<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Metabolic alkalosis resident survival guide]]||Marufa Marium<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Respiratory acidosis]]<br />
|Nasrin<br />
|Assigned needs content<br />
|[[Respiratory acidosis resident survival guide]]||Qasim Khurshid||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Respiratory alkalosis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Respiratory alkalosis resident survival guide]]||Rinky||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Nephrolithiasis]]<br />
|Amandeep Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Nephrolithiasis resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Nocturia]]<br />
|Sivakrishna Kumar( Nasrin)<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Nocturia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Polyuria]]<br />
|Amandeep Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Polyuria resident survival guide]]||Zaida<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Renal artery stenosis]]<br />
|Shivam<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Renal artery stenosis resident survival guide]]||Karol||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Hematuria]]<br />
|Sivakrishna Kumar<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hematuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Dysuria]]<br />
|Nabeel<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dysuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Flank pain]]<br />
|Jaspinder<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Flank pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Qasim Khurshid<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection]]<br />
|Usama Talib<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Pyuria]]<br />
|Sadaf<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Pyuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Hypertension]]<br />
|Usama Talib<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypertension resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Edema generalized|Edema]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Edema resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sara zand<br />
|Being reviewed by Jose<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary retention]]<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Urinary retention resident survival guide]]<br />
|Kanwal Khmuani<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence]]<br />
|Lina Alatta<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence resident survival guide]]<br />
|Maneesha<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Neurology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|20<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|22<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
<br /><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |<br />
=====Symptoms=====<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Altered mental status]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Altered mental status resident survival guide]]||Moises||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Blurred vision]]<br />
|Golnaz<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Blurred vision resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Dizziness]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Dizziness resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Gait disturbance]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gait disturbance resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Generalized weakness]]<br />
|Antara<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Generalized weakness resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Headache]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Headache resident survival guide]]||Niloofar/Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|Jerks/ twitches<br />
|<br />
|Needs to be created<br />
|[[Jerks/ twitches resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Memory loss]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Memory loss resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Slurred speach|Slurred speech]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Slurred speach resident survival guide|Slurred speech resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Seizure]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Seizure resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Status epilepticus]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Status epilepticus resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Tremor]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Tremor resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Vertigo]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Vertigo resident survival guide]]||Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |<br />
=====Disorders=====<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Alzheimer's disease]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Alzheimer's disease resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Alcohol withdrawal]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Alcohol withdrawal resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Back pain]]<br />
|Dr.Mars<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Back pain resident survival guide]]||Hilda||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Brain tumor]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Dementia]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dementia resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Encephalitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Encephalitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Epilepsy]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Epilepsy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Migraine]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review and hyperlink<br />
|[[Migraine resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Meningitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Meningitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Multiple sclerosis]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Multiple sclerosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Myasthenia gravis]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Myasthenia gravis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Opioid overdose]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Opioid overdose resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Opioid withdrawal]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Opioid withdrawal resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Parkinson's disease]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Parkinson resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Peripheral neuropathy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Stroke]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Stroke resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Traumatic brain injury]]<br />
|Joanna Ek<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Transient ischemic attack]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review and hyperlink<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Obstetrics==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary Care Cahpters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care Resident Survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident survival guides<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abortion]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Huda<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Abortion resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ifeoma<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Abruptio placenta<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amniotic fluid embolism]]<br />
|Aida<br />
|Needs review<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Antenatal care<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bleeding in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cesarean delivery]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Early pregnancy loss<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ectopic pregnancy]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Ectopic pregnancy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Endometritis]]<br />
|Shakiba<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Endometritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pregnancy induced hypertension|Gestational Hypertension]]<br />
|Ranky<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gestational hypertension resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Ranky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|HIV in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Hyperemesis Gravidarum<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Hydatiform mole<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Placenta previa<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Preeclampsia]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Preeclampsia resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Preterm labor]]<br />
|Jose<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Preterm labor resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Premature rupture of membranes]]<br />
|Saud<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Premature rupture of membranes resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|Post term pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Perinatal infections|Perinatal infection]]<br />
Puerperal sepsis <br />
|Needs content<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Perinatal infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Recurrent pregnancy loss<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|In progress<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Vaccination in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Oncology==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Scholar<br />
!Completion status<br />
!Review status<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |'''Screening & prevention'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" |Oncology||[[Breast cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Breast cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cervical cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Colorectal cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Endometrial cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lung cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs minor revision<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Prostate cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Skin cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abdominal mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs minor revision<br />
|[[Abdominal mass resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|[[Breast lumps|Breast mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|Apeksha<br />
|<br />
|Under progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lymphadenopathy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Lymphadenopathy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|[[Weight loss]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Weight loss resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthopedics==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|16<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|11<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Joint pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Dr MARS<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint swelling]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Hot joint<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Knee pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Knee pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayyaba<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Knee swelling<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Costocondritis<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint stiffness]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Heel pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Back pain]]<br />
|Fahime<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Frozen shoulder]]<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Shoulder pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Neck pain]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Ankle sprain]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Gout]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gout resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Osteoarthritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Septic arthritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Septic arthritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra, Aditya<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Osteoporosis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Osteoporosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Otolaryngology==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|12<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|3<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care chapters}}<br />
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care resident survival guides}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Topic}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Resident survival guide pages}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="30" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Otolaryngology<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Allergy]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Marufa Marium<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Aphthous ulcer]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Jose<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Halitosis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mydah<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dysphonia]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Sore throat resident survival guide]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mydah<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Otalgia|Ear pain]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Niloofar<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Epistaxis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amir behzad Bagheri<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Epistaxis resident survival guide]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amir behzad Bagheri<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Complete<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Gingivitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[User:JaspinderKaur|Jaspinder Kaur]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tinnitus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sabeeh<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sabeeh<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bruxism]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Deafness]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[User:Dinesh|Dinesh]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Disequilibrium]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs Content<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |{{Norina Usman}}<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs review<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Drooling]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Adnan<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dysarthria]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zehra Malik<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperacusis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |{{Norina Usman}}<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Labyrinthitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[User:Dinesh|Dinesh]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Septal hematoma<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|Tooth Impaction<br />
|[[User:JaspinderKaur|Jaspinder Kaur]]<br />
|Completed<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Nasal Polyp<br />
|Christina<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Pediatrics==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="24" |Pediatrics<br />
|[[Headache in kids]]<br />
|Iman Djarraya<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Headache resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Neepa Shah, Hanan Elkalawy<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vertigo in kids]]<br />
|Aisha Adigun<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Vertigo resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vomiting in kids]]<br />
|Adenike Eketunde<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|[[Vomiting resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asra Firdous<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diarrhea in kids]]<br />
|Debduti Mukhopadhyay<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Diarrhea resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abdominal pain in kids]]<br />
|[[User:Lina Alatta|<bdi>Lina Alatta</bdi>]]<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Acute abdominal pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaundice in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Jaundice resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asra Firdous<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Constipation in kids]]<br />
|Dushka Riaz<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Samah Obaiah<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fatigue in kids]]<br />
|Mydah Sajid<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fatigue resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chest pain in kids]]<br />
|Weal A Abdelmottaleb<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cough in kids]]<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Cough resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali, Maysoon<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cyanosis in newborns]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Cyanosis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Delirium in kids]]<br />
|Adnan Zaman<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Delirium resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Obesity in kids]]<br />
|Iman Djarraya<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Obesity resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diabetes in kids]]<br />
|Jaspinder Kaur<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Diabetic ketoacidosis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fever in kids]]<br />
|Zaida Obeidat<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fever resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fever and rash in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Fever and rash resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sore throat in kids]]<br />
|Soujanya, Rija Gul<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Sore throat resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asia Alriashi<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Conjunctivitis in kids]]<br />
|Seyed Arash Javadmoosavi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Conjunctivitis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Arash Moosavi<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Red eye in kids]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Red eye resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sinusitis in kids]]<br />
|Archana Vajjala<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Sinusitis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ear pain in kids]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Ear pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Amira Albawri<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Failure to thrive in kids]]<br />
|Akash Daswaney<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Failure to thrive resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection in kids]]<br />
|Rana Aljebzi<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Rana Aljebzi<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|In progress<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Psychiatry==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|8 (needs review)<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[ADD/ADHD]]<br />
|Kiran Singh<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Bipolar disorder]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Bipolar disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Clinical depression|Depression / Clinical depression]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Clinical depression resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky Agnes Botleroo<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Eating disorder]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Eating disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Generalized anxiety disorder]]<br />
|Irfan Dotani<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Generalized anxiety disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Illness anxiety disorder]]<br />
|Jesus Rosario Hernandez<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Agoraphobia]]<br />
|Kiran Singh<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Nonsuicidal self-injury]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Panic disorder]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Seasonal affective disorder]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Suicidal ideation]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|In progress<br />
| || ||Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Substance abuse]]<br />
|Uma Maveli<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Psychosis]]<br />
|Vindhya<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|Homicidal ideation<br />
|<br />
|Needs to be created<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Insomnia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Insomnia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Dementia]]<br />
|SAI<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dementia resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]<br />
|Abhishek Reddy<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Delirium]]<br />
|Pratik Bahekar<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Delirium resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pulmonary==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Asthma|Asthma exacerbation]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Asthma exacerbation resident survival guide]]||Abdurahman, Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD exacerbation]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review||[[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Cough]]<br />
|Abiodun Akanmode<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cough resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Dyspnea]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyspnea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Chest pain]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Hemoptysis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hemoptysis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Teresa<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Anaphylaxis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Anaphylaxis resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review||[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Pleural effusion]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Pleural effusion resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Pulmonary embolism]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Lung mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Lung mass resident survival guide]]<br />
|Akshun Kalia<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br /></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Primary_care_status_update&diff=1696392
Primary care status update
2021-04-07T15:27:28Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Otolaryngology */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Organ System Project}}<br />
==Primary Care Status Update List==<br />
==High Priority Topics that Needs Content==<br />
<small><small><small><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Cardiology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Pulmonary'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''ENT'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Infectious'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Neurology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Obstetrics-Gynecology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Pediatrics'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Nephrology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Hematology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Psychiatric'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Dermatology'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Orthopedics'''<br />
|-<br />
|Complete Chapters<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |6<br />
| colspan="2" |5<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |4<br />
|-<br />
|Chapters in progress<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |3<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |2<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |5<br />
| colspan="2" |1<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
|-<br />
|Chapters need content<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
| colspan="2" |0<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|'''Cardiology'''<br />
|Assigned <br />
to<br />
|'''Pulmonary'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''ENT'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Infectious'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Neurology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Obstetrics-Gynecology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Pediatrics'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Nephrology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Hematology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Psychiatric'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Dermatology'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|'''Orthopedics'''<br />
|Assigned to<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |'''Chapters'''<br />
|Chest pain<br />
(done)<br />
|Nuha<br />
|COPD exacerbation (needs review)<br />
|done<br />
|Allergy<br />
|Marufa<br />
(done)<br />
|FUO<br />
|Mati (done)<br />
|Altered mental status<br />
|Moises<br />
|Abortion<br />
|Nuha (done)<br />
|Vomiting in kids<br />
|Nike ektunde<br />
(done)<br />
|Nocturia resident survival guide<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
(will complete soon)<br />
<br /><br />
|Thrombophilia<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
|Bipolar disorders<br />
|Scholar<br />
|Nevus<br />
|Sogand's scholar<br />
|Knee pain resident survival guide<br />
|Tayyaba (done)<br />
|-<br />
|Orthostatic hypotension<br />
|Mitra<br /><br />
|Acute respiratory distress syndrome (needs review)<br />
|done<br />
|Ear pain<br />
|Niloofar<br />
(done)<br />
|TB<br />
|Mohammed Riad and Zaida<br />
|Headache<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|Gestational hypertension resident survival guide<br />
|Samah<br />
(done)<br />
|Chest pain in kids<br />
|Mitra<br />
(done)<br />
|Flank pain<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Depression<br />
|Ifrah<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Neck pain<br />
|Niloofar<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Bruxism<br />
|Aditya (done)<br />
|HIV<br />
|Kanwal<br />
(done)<br />
|Memory loss<br />
|Zehra Mlaik (done)<br />
|Preeclampsia resident survival guide<br />
|Afrah<br />
(done)<br />
|Fever in kids<br />
|Zaida (done)<br />
|Dysuria<br />
|Nabeel (done)<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Insomnia<br />
|Ali's scholar<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Ankle sprain<br />
|Javaria<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Tooth impaction<br />
|Jaspindar (done)<br />
|Gastroentritis<br />
|Mahdi (done)<br />
|Back pain<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Vaginal discharge resident survival guide<br />
|Agnes Rinky (done)<br />
|Acute abdominal pain in kids<br />
|Senfoora<br />
(done)<br />
|Urinary incontinence<br />
|Lina Alatta<br />
(In progress)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Eating disorders<br />
|Adenike<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Shoulder pain<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
(done)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Drooling<br />
|APG<br />
|Hepatitis<br />
|Nazma<br />
(done)<br />
|Dementia<br />
|Fahime (done)<br />
|Gestational Diabetes resident survival guide<br />
|Mydah<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|Chest pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
(done)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Delirium<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Septal hematoma<br />
|Aditya<br />
|Hepatitis resident survival guide<br />
|Mydah (done)<br />
|Presyncope<br />
|Antara<br />
<br />
(done)<br />
|Menopause resident survival guide<br />
|Ayeesha<br />
(done)<br />
|Short stature resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|Eman<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Thyroid dysfunction of pregnancy<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Fever and rash resident survival guide (pediatrics)<br />
|New Sch<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
</small></small></small><br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
!Internal Medicine<br />
!Dermatology<br />
!ENT<br />
!Neurology<br />
!OB-GYN<br />
!Orthopedics<br />
!Pediatrics<br />
!Psychiatry<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
!Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|173 (previously was 170)<br />
|128<br />
| rowspan="3" | -<br />
|2<br />
|20<br />
|0 + 6<br />
|1<br />
|12<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|34<br />
| rowspan="2" |38<br />
| rowspan="2" |1<br />
| rowspan="2" |6<br />
| rowspan="2" |9 + 6<br />
| rowspan="2" |18<br />
| rowspan="2" |15<br />
| rowspan="2" |7<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|60<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
!Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|115 <br />
(previously was 110)<br />
|68<br />
|1<br />
|8<br />
|4<br />
|7 + 9<br />
|0<br />
|10<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|61<br />
| rowspan="2" |50<br />
| rowspan="2" |9<br />
| rowspan="2" |19<br />
| rowspan="2" |28<br />
| rowspan="2" |4 + 2<br />
| rowspan="2" |16<br />
| rowspan="2" |15<br />
| rowspan="2" |9<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|91<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===[[Review Progress|Review Progress by Fellows]]===<br />
<br />
==Cardiology==<br />
===Cardiology Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|51<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Heart murmur]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Heart murmur resident survival guide]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Jugular venous pressure]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Jugular venous distention resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mitra and Mandana<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Cyanosis]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|needs review<br />
|[[Cyanosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Acute coronary syndromes|Acute coronary syndrome]]<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Acute coronary syndrome resident survival guide]]||''Landing page''||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Heart failure resident survival guide]]||Mahmoud/Dr. Kay||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Arrhythmia resident survival guide]]||Rim||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Atrial fibrillation resident survival guide]]||Vidit||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Landing page||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Arash Moosavi||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Thoracic aortic aneurysm resident survival guide]]||Roghaye Marandi||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic dissection resident survival guide]]||Chetan/Serge||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic regurgitation resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Aortic stenosis resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Atrial flutter resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Bradycardia]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Bradycardia resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko: Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac arrest resident survival guide]]||Rim: Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiogenic shock resident survival guide]]||Gerry||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Chest pain]]<br />
|Aisha Adigun<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide]]||Rim/Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac catheterization pre-procedure evaluation resident survival guide]]||Yaz||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Dyslipidemia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyslipidemia resident survival guide]]||Javaria||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Electrocardiography resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Endocarditis resident survival guide]]||Mohamed||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Pericarditis resident survival guide]]||Mugilan||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Hypertension]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypertension resident survival guide]]||Landing page||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Chronic hypertension resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Hypertensive crisis resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Narrow complex tachycardia resident survival guide]]||Hilda/Rim/Twinkle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac tamponade resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Low flow low gradient aortic stenosis resident survival guide]]||Rim||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Cardiac risk assessment prior to non-cardiac surgery resident survival guide]]||Yaz||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Dilated cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Restrictive cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy resident survival guide]]||Steven||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Claudication]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Claudication resident survival guide]]||Jose Loyola||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Mitral regurgitation resident survival guide]]||Mugilan||English Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Mitral stenosis resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Pulseless electrical activity resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Palpitation]]<br />
|Akash<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Palpitations resident survival guide]]||Alonso||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Shortness of breath]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Shortness of breath resident survival guide]]||Steven||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[STEMI resident survival guide]]||Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Right ventricular myocardial infarction resident survival guide]]||Mitra and Mandana||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Syncope]]<br />
|<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|[[Syncope resident survival guide]]||Karol/Alejandro||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Unstable angina/ NSTEMI resident survival guide]]||Yaz||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Valvular diseases resident survival guide]]||Landing page||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[VTE prevention resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Wide complex tachycardia resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ||[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome resident survival guide]]||Alonso||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Cardiology<br />
|[[Orthostatic hypotension]]<br />
|Mitra<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Hypotension resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dermatology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Chapters that need content}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Scholar's name}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Completion Status}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="19" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |Dermatology<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Burn]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Eman<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Complete<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ulcers<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Acne]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tayyaba<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Urticaria]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Anahita<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Rash]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Alopecia]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hanna Nabude<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pruritus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Hanna Nabude<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dermatitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Landing page<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dermatitis herpetiformis|Dermatitis herpetiform]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Ehsan<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Nevus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Endocrinology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Endocrinology Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care topics}}<br />
! colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care resident survival guides}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Specialty}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Topic}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Resident Survival Guide Page}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF| Status}}<br />
|-<br />
!Endocrinology<br />
!'''Diabetes Mellitus'''<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Thyroid nodule]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Thyroid nodule resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Osteoporosis]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Osteoporosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hirsutism]]<br />
|Aditya<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hirsutism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mojdeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Prolactinoma]]<br />
|Anmol<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperprolactinoma resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hypothyroidism]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypothyroidism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ayeesha.K<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Gynecomastia]]<br />
|Husnain<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Gynecomastia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ifrah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Goiter]]<br />
|Aravind<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Goiter resident survival guide]]<br />
|Fatemeh (Mina)<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Hyperthyroidism]]<br />
|Mahshid<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperthyroidism resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Adrenal insufficiency]]<br />
|Ayesha K<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Adrenal insufficiency resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ayesha K<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Short Stature]]<br />
|Ayesha FJ<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|[[Short stature resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Diabetes]] Landing Page<br />
|Tarek<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|Diabetes Type I<br />
|Mahdi<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|Diabetes Type II<br />
|Mahdi<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endocrinology<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes|GDM]]<br />
|Mahdi-Fatemeh<br />
|Needs update<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gastroenterology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|25<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Abdominal pain]]<br />
|Ayesha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Abdominal pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Amr Marawan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Nausea and vomiting]]<br />
|Ali Mirza<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Vomiting resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Bloating]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Bloating resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Jaundice]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Jaundice resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Heartburn]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Heartburn resident survival guide]]<br />
|Jose<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acetaminophen toxicity]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acetaminophen overdose resident survival guide|Acetaminophen toxicity resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vidit<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea|Acute diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute liver failure]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute liver failure resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Acute pancreatitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vidit<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Chronic pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Appendicitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Appendicitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Teresa<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ascites]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ascites resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle/Steven<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Biliary tract diseases]]<br />
|Asra<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Biliary tract diseases resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Cholangitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Need review<br />
|[[Cholangitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute cholecystitis|Acute Cholecystitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute cholecystitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Chronic cholecystitis|Chronic Cholecystitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Chronic cholecystitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Choledocholithiasis]]<br />
|Nike Eketunde<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Choledocholithiasis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Cholelithiasis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Cholelithiasis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea|Chronic diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Chronic diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Clostridium difficile]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Clostridium difficile infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Constipation]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Constipation resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Crohn’s disease]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Crohn's disease resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Diarrhea]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Diarrhea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Esophageal rupture]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Esophageal rupture resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ileus]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ileus resident survival guide]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Intestinal ischemia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Intestinal ischemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Acute pancreatitis|Gallstone pancreatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gallstone pancreatitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Vendhan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Nutrition]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Nutrition resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Ulcerative colitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Ulcerative colitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mugilan<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology||[[Gastrointestinal varices]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Varices and variceal bleed resident survival guide]]<br />
|Twinkle<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Gastroenterology<br />
|[[Dysphagia]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Dysphagia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mounika (Krishna's Scholar)<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gynecology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary Care Cahpters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care Resident Survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident survival guides<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Adenomyosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Amenorrhea<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bacterial vaginosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bartholine cyst and abcess<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Birth control resident survival guide|Contraception resident survival guide]]<br />
|Huda Karman<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide|Cervical cancer screening]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Cervicitis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chronic pelvic pain]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Chronic pelvic pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Dysfunctional uterine bleeding<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dyspareunia]]<br />
|Roghayeh<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyspareunia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Roghayeh<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Endometriosis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Endometrial cancer<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hypogastric pain]]<br />
|Hilda<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hypogastric pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Amr Marawan<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Imperforate hymen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Infertility]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Infertility resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Complete/English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mastitis<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Menorrhagia<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menopause]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Menopause resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Ayeesha<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Pelvic organ prolapse resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Menstrual cycle]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Menstrual disorders resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Ovarian cyst/Ovarian tumors<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Pelvic inflammatory disease<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Precocious puberty]]<br />
|Maysoon<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Sexual violence resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Need english review<br />
|-<br />
|PCOS<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Postmenopausal bleeding<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sexual dysfunction]]<br />
|Shakiba<br />
|Nedds content<br />
|[[Sexual dysfunction resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vaginal prolapse]]<br />
|Eman<br />
|Under review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vaginal discharge|Vaginal discharge]]<br />
|Samah<br />
|Under review<br />
|[[Vaginal discharge resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vulvovaginitis]]<br />
|Zorkun<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Vulvovaginitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Hematology==<br />
<br />
===Status Update===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapter<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Easy bruising]]<br />
|Raviteja Guddeti<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Easy bruising resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Thrombophilia]]<br />
|Jaspindar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Thrombophilia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Anahita<br />
|Reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Anemia]]<br />
|Mehrian Jafarizade<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Anemia resident survival guide]]||Chetan||Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematalogy<br />
|[[Fatigue]]<br />
|M.Umer Tariq<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Fatigue resident survival guide]]<br />
|Monika, Tayyeba<br />
|Complete/English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematalogy<br />
|[[Pica]]<br />
|Nabeel<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Pica resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sanjana<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Polycythemia]]<br />
|Zaida, Debuty<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Polycythemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Alieh Behjat<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Aplastic anemia]]<br />
|Nazia Fuad<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Aplastic anemia resident survival guide]]||Chetan||Needs Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Hemolytic anemia]]<br />
|Shyam Patel<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hemolytic anemia resident survival guide]]||Sanjana<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Heparin induced thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Aric C. Hall<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[HIT resident survival guide]]||Karol||Needs Review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Immune Thrombocytopenia|Immune Thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Rahmah<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Immune Thrombocytopenia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Venous thromboembolism|VTE]]<br />
|Syed Hassan A. Kazmi<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[VTE prevention resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology<br />
|[[Acute Leukemia]]<br />
|Alieh Behjat<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Acute leukemia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Pancytopenia]]<br />
|Cafer Zorkun<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Pancytopenia resident survival guide]]||Sanjana<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Thrombocytopenia]]<br />
|Farbod Zahedi Tajrishi<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Thrombocytopenia resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Febrile neutropenia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Febrile neutropenia resident survival guide]]||Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Bleeding disorders]]<br />
|Sogand Goudarzi<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Bleeding disorder resident survival guide]]||Javaria<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[DIC]]<br />
|Omer Kamal<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[DIC resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Hematology||[[Transfusion therapy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Transfusion therapy resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Infectious Disease==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Community acquired pneumonia]]<br />
|[[User:Alejandro Lemor|Alejandro Lemor, M.D.]]<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Community acquired pneumonia resident survival guide]]||Chetan:Rim||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Urinary tract infection]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Sinusitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Sinusitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Sore throat resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Otalgia|Ear pain]]<br />
|Wardah<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Ear pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Wardah<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Cellulitis]]<br />
|Saud khan<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Cellulitis resident survival guide]]||Mydah||Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Diabetic foot]]<br />
|<br />
|complete||[[Diabetic foot resident survival guide]]||Ifrah<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Meningitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Meningitis resident survival guide]]||Niloofar<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Fever of unknown origin]]<br />
|Harshitha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fever of unknown origin resident survival guide]]||Gerry<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Rash with fever|Fever and rash]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Rash with fever resident survival guide]]||Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Norovirus infection]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Norovirus outbreak resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases||[[Sepsis]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Sepsis resident survival guide]]||Ahmed||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Tb|Tuberculosis]]<br />
|Mashal, Mohamed Riad<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Tuberculosis resident survival guide|Tuberculosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Lyme Disease|Lyme disease]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Lyme resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Botulism]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Botulism resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[HIV]]<br />
|kanwal<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[HIV resident survival guide]]<br />
|kanwal<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Influenza (Flu) (For Medical Professionals)|Influnza]]<br />
|<br />
|complete<br />
|[[Influenza resident survival guide|Influnza resident survival guide]]<br />
|Mounika<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[STD]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[STD resident survival guide]]<br />
|farjana<br />
|in progress<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Gastroenteritis, eosinophilic|Gastroentritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gastroenteritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Infectious Diseases<br />
|[[Hepatitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hepatitis survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
==Kidney Disease==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Acute kidney injury]]<br />
|Farima kahe<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Acute kidney failure resident survival guide]]||Kanwal Khmuani||Needs some review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Acidosis]]<br />
|Carlos<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Acidosis resident survival guide]]|| ||P<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hyperkalemia]]<br />
|Jogeeth Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hyperkalemia resident survival guide]]||Mahmoud||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hypokalemia]]<br />
|Cafer Zorkun<br />
|Needs some content<br />
|[[Hypokalemia resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hypernatremia]]<br />
|Feham Tariq<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypernatremia resident survival guide]]||Mounika (Ahmed's scholar)||Being reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Hyponatremia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Hyponatremia resident survival guide]]||Priyamvada||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Metabolic acidosis]]<br />
|Priyamvada Singh<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Metabolic acidosis resident survival guide]]||Ogheneochuko||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Metabolic alkalosis]]<br />
|Priyamvada Singh<br />
|Needs Review<br />
|[[Metabolic alkalosis resident survival guide]]||Marufa Marium<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Respiratory acidosis]]<br />
|Nasrin<br />
|Assigned needs content<br />
|[[Respiratory acidosis resident survival guide]]||Qasim Khurshid||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Respiratory alkalosis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Respiratory alkalosis resident survival guide]]||Rinky||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Nephrolithiasis]]<br />
|Amandeep Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Nephrolithiasis resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Nocturia]]<br />
|Sivakrishna Kumar( Nasrin)<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Nocturia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Polyuria]]<br />
|Amandeep Singh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Polyuria resident survival guide]]||Zaida<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology||[[Renal artery stenosis]]<br />
|Shivam<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Renal artery stenosis resident survival guide]]||Karol||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Hematuria]]<br />
|Sivakrishna Kumar<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Hematuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Dysuria]]<br />
|Nabeel<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dysuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Flank pain]]<br />
|Jaspinder<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Flank pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Qasim Khurshid<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection]]<br />
|Usama Talib<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Pyuria]]<br />
|Sadaf<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Pyuria resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ibtisam Ashraf<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Hypertension]]<br />
|Usama Talib<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hypertension resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Edema generalized|Edema]]<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Edema resident survival guide]]<br />
|Sara zand<br />
|Being reviewed by Jose<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary retention]]<br />
|Sidra Kalsoom<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Urinary retention resident survival guide]]<br />
|Kanwal Khmuani<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Nephrology<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence]]<br />
|Lina Alatta<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence resident survival guide]]<br />
|Maneesha<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Neurology==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|20<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|22<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
<br /><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |<br />
=====Symptoms=====<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Altered mental status]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Altered mental status resident survival guide]]||Moises||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Blurred vision]]<br />
|Golnaz<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Blurred vision resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Dizziness]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Dizziness resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Gait disturbance]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gait disturbance resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Generalized weakness]]<br />
|Antara<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Generalized weakness resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Headache]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Headache resident survival guide]]||Niloofar/Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|Jerks/ twitches<br />
|<br />
|Needs to be created<br />
|[[Jerks/ twitches resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Memory loss]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Memory loss resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Slurred speach|Slurred speech]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Slurred speach resident survival guide|Slurred speech resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Seizure]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Seizure resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Status epilepticus]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Status epilepticus resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Tremor]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Tremor resident survival guide]]<br />
|Usman<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Vertigo]]<br />
|Zehra Malik<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Vertigo resident survival guide]]||Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |<br />
=====Disorders=====<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Alzheimer's disease]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Alzheimer's disease resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Alcohol withdrawal]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Alcohol withdrawal resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Back pain]]<br />
|Dr.Mars<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Back pain resident survival guide]]||Hilda||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Brain tumor]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Dementia]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dementia resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Encephalitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Encephalitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Epilepsy]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Epilepsy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Migraine]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review and hyperlink<br />
|[[Migraine resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Meningitis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Meningitis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Multiple sclerosis]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Multiple sclerosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Myasthenia gravis]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Myasthenia gravis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Opioid overdose]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Opioid overdose resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Opioid withdrawal]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Opioid withdrawal resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Parkinson's disease]]<br />
|Fahimeh<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Parkinson resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Peripheral neuropathy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology||[[Stroke]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Stroke resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Traumatic brain injury]]<br />
|Joanna Ek<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Neurology<br />
|[[Transient ischemic attack]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review and hyperlink<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Obstetrics==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary Care Cahpters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care Resident Survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Topics<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident survival guides<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abortion]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Huda<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Abortion resident survival guide]]<br />
|Ifeoma<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Abruptio placenta<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amniotic fluid embolism]]<br />
|Aida<br />
|Needs review<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Antenatal care<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bleeding in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cesarean delivery]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Early pregnancy loss<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ectopic pregnancy]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Ectopic pregnancy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Moises<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Endometritis]]<br />
|Shakiba<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Endometritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Gestational diabetes resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Mydah<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pregnancy induced hypertension|Gestational Hypertension]]<br />
|Ranky<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gestational hypertension resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Ranky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|HIV in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Hyperemesis Gravidarum<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Hydatiform mole<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Placenta previa<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Preeclampsia]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Preeclampsia resident survival guide]] (HIGH PRIORITY)<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Preterm labor]]<br />
|Jose<br />
|Needs English Review<br />
|[[Preterm labor resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Premature rupture of membranes]]<br />
|Saud<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Premature rupture of membranes resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete/Needs english review<br />
|-<br />
|Post term pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Perinatal infections|Perinatal infection]]<br />
Puerperal sepsis <br />
|Needs content<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Perinatal infection resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Recurrent pregnancy loss<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy]]<br />
|Roghayeh Marandi<br />
|In progress<br />
|_<br />
|<br />
|_<br />
|-<br />
|Vaccination in pregnancy<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Oncology==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Scholar<br />
!Completion status<br />
!Review status<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="7" |'''Screening & prevention'''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" |Oncology||[[Breast cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Breast cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cervical cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Colorectal cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Being reviewed<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Endometrial cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lung cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs minor revision<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Prostate cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Skin cancer screening]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cancer screening resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayabba<br />
|<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="7" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abdominal mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs minor revision<br />
|[[Abdominal mass resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|[[Breast lumps|Breast mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|Apeksha<br />
|<br />
|Under progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lymphadenopathy]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Lymphadenopathy resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|[[Weight loss]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Weight loss resident survival guide]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthopedics==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|16<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|11<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Joint pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Dr MARS<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint swelling]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Hot joint<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Knee pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Knee pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|Tayyaba<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Knee swelling<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|Costocondritis<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Joint stiffness]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Heel pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Back pain]]<br />
|Fahime<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Frozen shoulder]]<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Shoulder pain]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Neck pain]]<br />
|Niloofar<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Orthopedic surgery<br />
|[[Ankle sprain]]<br />
|Javaria<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Gout]]<br />
|<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Gout resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Osteoarthritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Septic arthritis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Septic arthritis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Iqra, Aditya<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Rheumatology<br />
|[[Osteoporosis]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Osteoporosis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Otolaryngology==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|12<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|3<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"<br />
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care chapters}}<br />
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Primary care resident survival guides}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Category}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Topic}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Resident survival guide pages}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Author}}<br />
! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Status}}<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="30" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Otolaryngology<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Allergy]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Marufa Marium<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Aphthous ulcer]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Jose<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Halitosis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mydah<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dysphonia]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Sore throat resident survival guide]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mydah<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs English review<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Otalgia|Ear pain]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Niloofar<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Epistaxis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amir behzad Bagheri<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Epistaxis resident survival guide]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Amir behzad Bagheri<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Complete<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Gingivitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[User:JaspinderKaur|Jaspinder Kaur]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Tinnitus]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sabeeh<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Sabeeh<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Bruxism]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Deafness]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Disequilibrium]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | -<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs Content<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dizziness]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |{{Norina Usman}}<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Needs review<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Drooling]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Adnan<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Dysarthria]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Zehra Malik<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Hyperacusis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |{{Norina Usman}}<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Labyrinthitis]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[User:Dinesh|Dinesh]]<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Completed<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Septal hematoma<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Aditya<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |In progress<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br />
|-<br />
|Tooth Impaction<br />
|[[User:JaspinderKaur|Jaspinder Kaur]]<br />
|Completed<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Nasal Polyp<br />
|Christina<br />
|In progress<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Pediatrics==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="24" |Pediatrics<br />
|[[Headache in kids]]<br />
|Iman Djarraya<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Headache resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Neepa Shah, Hanan Elkalawy<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vertigo in kids]]<br />
|Aisha Adigun<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Vertigo resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vomiting in kids]]<br />
|Adenike Eketunde<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|[[Vomiting resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asra Firdous<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diarrhea in kids]]<br />
|Debduti Mukhopadhyay<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Diarrhea resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abdominal pain in kids]]<br />
|[[User:Lina Alatta|<bdi>Lina Alatta</bdi>]]<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Acute abdominal pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaundice in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Jaundice resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asra Firdous<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Constipation in kids]]<br />
|Dushka Riaz<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Constipation resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Samah Obaiah<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fatigue in kids]]<br />
|Mydah Sajid<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fatigue resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chest pain in kids]]<br />
|Weal A Abdelmottaleb<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Sara Zand<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cough in kids]]<br />
|Marufa Marium<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Cough resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Tayyaba Ali, Maysoon<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cyanosis in newborns]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Cyanosis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Usman Ali Akbar<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Delirium in kids]]<br />
|Adnan Zaman<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Delirium resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Obesity in kids]]<br />
|Iman Djarraya<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Obesity resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Diabetes in kids]]<br />
|Jaspinder Kaur<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Diabetic ketoacidosis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fever in kids]]<br />
|Zaida Obeidat<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Fever resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fever and rash in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Fever and rash resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sore throat in kids]]<br />
|Soujanya, Rija Gul<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Sore throat resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Asia Alriashi<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Conjunctivitis in kids]]<br />
|Seyed Arash Javadmoosavi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Conjunctivitis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Arash Moosavi<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|[[Red eye in kids]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Red eye resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sinusitis in kids]]<br />
|Archana Vajjala<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Sinusitis resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ear pain in kids]]<br />
|Eman Alademi<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Ear pain resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Amira Albawri<br />
|In progress<br />
|-<br />
|[[Failure to thrive in kids]]<br />
|Akash Daswaney<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|[[Failure to thrive resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection in kids]]<br />
|Rana Aljebzi<br />
|Needs English review<br />
|[[Urinary tract infection resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Rana Aljebzi<br />
|English reviewed<br />
|-<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence in kids]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|Review in progress<br />
|[[Urinary incontinence resident survival guide (pediatrics)]]<br />
|Ifeoma Anaya<br />
|In progress<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Psychiatry==<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|8 (needs review)<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|7<br />
|}<br />
===Topics===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[ADD/ADHD]]<br />
|Kiran Singh<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Bipolar disorder]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Bipolar disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Clinical depression|Depression / Clinical depression]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Clinical depression resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky Agnes Botleroo<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Eating disorder]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Eating disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
| ||Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Generalized anxiety disorder]]<br />
|Irfan Dotani<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Generalized anxiety disorder resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Illness anxiety disorder]]<br />
|Jesus Rosario Hernandez<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Agoraphobia]]<br />
|Kiran Singh<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Nonsuicidal self-injury]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Panic disorder]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Seasonal affective disorder]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Suicidal ideation]]<br />
|Sharma<br />
|In progress<br />
| || ||Needs content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry||[[Substance abuse]]<br />
|Uma Maveli<br />
|Needs review<br />
| || ||Need content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Psychosis]]<br />
|Vindhya<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Needs Content<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|Homicidal ideation<br />
|<br />
|Needs to be created<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Insomnia]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Insomnia resident survival guide]]<br />
|Rinky<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Dementia]]<br />
|SAI<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Dementia resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]<br />
|Abhishek Reddy<br />
|Needs review<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|No need<br />
|-<br />
|Psychiatry<br />
|[[Delirium]]<br />
|Pratik Bahekar<br />
|Needs content<br />
|[[Delirium resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pulmonary==<br />
===Status Updates===<br />
{| class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" align="center" |class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Resident survival guide Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" |Primary care chapter Progress<br />
|-<br />
|Completed<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
|In progress<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|Remaining<br />
|0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Topics===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan="4" |Primary care chapters<br />
! colspan="3" |Primary care resident survival guides<br />
|-<br />
!Specialty<br />
!Topic<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
!Resident Survival Guide Page<br />
!Author<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Asthma|Asthma exacerbation]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Asthma exacerbation resident survival guide]]||Abdurahman, Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD exacerbation]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review||[[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Cough]]<br />
|Abiodun Akanmode<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Cough resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Dyspnea]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review<br />
|[[Dyspnea resident survival guide]]<br />
|Eiman<br />
|Needs review<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Chest pain]]<br />
|Nuha<br />
|In progress<br />
|[[Chest pain resident survival guide]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Hemoptysis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Hemoptysis resident survival guide]]<br />
|Teresa<br />
|Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Anaphylaxis]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Anaphylaxis resident survival guide]]||Vidit||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]<br />
|<br />
|Needs review||[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome resident survival guide]]||Ayokunle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Pleural effusion]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Pleural effusion resident survival guide]]||Twinkle||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary||[[Pulmonary embolism]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete||[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide]]|| ||Complete<br />
|-<br />
|Pulmonary<br />
|[[Lung mass]]<br />
|<br />
|Complete<br />
|[[Lung mass resident survival guide]]<br />
|Akshun Kalia<br />
|Complete<br />
|}<br /></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Lakshmi_Medepalli&diff=1696191
User:Lakshmi Medepalli
2021-04-05T17:07:49Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
==Lakshmi Medepalli==<br />
<br />
===Contact===<br />
Email ID: drlakshmimedepalli@gmail.com<br />
<br />
Phone.no: (201)-790-8249<br />
<br />
===Education===<br />
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, India.<br />
<br />
'''Program:''' M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery)<br />
<br />
'''Date of Graduation:''' November 2016<br />
<br />
===Membership and Honorary/Professional Societies===<br />
Medical council of India, New Delhi, India<br />
<br />
Karnataka Medical Council, Bengaluru, India<br />
<br />
===Research Experience===<br />
2012 Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Snake Bite cases attending Tertiary care hospitals, Mangalore.<br />
<br />
2015 Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Self-care Activities among Coronary Heart Disease patients of a Tertiary care hospital, Mangalore.<br />
<br />
2015 Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Smart Phones in the Hospitals: A Study on the usage patterns of handheld devices among doctors.<br />
<br />
2015 Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore affiliated with I.M.S. Health Intelligence N.C.D. Prevention and control project: Field research investigator in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka.<br />
<br />
===Certifications===<br />
American Heart Association- <br />
<br />
Basic Life Support<br />
<br />
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Aditya_Ganti&diff=1695935
User:Aditya Ganti
2021-04-01T17:47:38Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
==Aditya Ganti==<br />
'''Aditya Ganti, M.B.B.S'''[[image:Aditya Ganti.jpg|right|386x386px|alt=]]<br />
contact: +1 617-710-1081 <br r><br />
Email: [mailto:aganti@bidmc.harvard.edu aganti@bidmc.harvard.edu] <br><br />
<br />
==Current position==<br />
Postdoctorol Research Fellow,PERFUSE study group<br><br />
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Harvard University<br />
<br />
==Professional Background==<br />
Dr.Aditya Ganti is a postdoctoral research fellow of cardiovascular medicine at the PERFUSE Study Group at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. He received his M.B.B.S.Degree from Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences College in India in 2015. Dr.Aditya is currently an Associate editor in chief at WikiDoc.org<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
2015 M.B.B.S<br />
<br />
2016 ECFMG Certification<br />
<br />
2017 Certification in Manuscript writing and Clinical trial.<br />
<br />
2018 PPCR<br />
<br />
2019 Applied Biostatistics <br />
<br />
2022 MPH <br />
<br />
==Pages authored==<br />
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"><br />
*[[Lung abscess]]<br />
*[[Appendicular abscess]]<br />
*[[Blastomycosis]]<br />
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]<br />
*[[Actinomycosis]]<br />
*[[Typhus]]<br />
*[[Spinal cord compression|Spinal Cord Compression]]<br />
*[[Colonic abscess|Colonic Abscess]]<br />
*[[Cryptosporidiosis]]<br />
*[[Crohn’s disease|Crohn’s Disease]]<br />
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]<br />
*[[Sepsis]]<br />
*[[Haemophilus influenzae infection|Hemophilus influenza infection]]<br />
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]<br />
*[[Fibromyalgia]]<br />
*[[Hirschsprung's disease|Hirschsprung’s disease]]<br />
*[[African trypanosomiasis]]<br />
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]<br />
*[[Hantavirus infection|Hantavirus Infection]]<br />
*[[Schistosomiasis]]<br />
*[[Addison's disease|Addison’s Disease]]<br />
*[[Bourbon virus infection|Bourbon Virus Infection]]<br />
*[[PCOS]]<br />
*[[Kato-Katz thick smear|Kato-Katz Thick Smear]]<br />
*[[Suicide]]<br />
*[[Metabolic Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Toxic Adenoma]]<br />
*[[Celiac disease|Celiac Disease]]<br />
*[[Myxedema coma|Mxyedema Coma]]<br />
*[[Cerebral Palsy]]<br />
*[[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]<br />
*[[Marburg hemorrhagic fever|Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever]]<br />
*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding|Gastrointestinal Bleeding]]<br />
*[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
*[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|Non-Alcoholic Fatty liver disease]]<br />
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease|Inflammatory Bowel disease]] (LP)<br />
*[[Esophagitis]]<br />
*[[Liver mass|Liver Mass]]<br />
*[[Steatorrhea]]<br />
*[[Abdominal parasitic infection|Abdominal Parasitic Infection]]<br />
*[[Large cell carcinoma of the lung|Large Cell Carcinoma of Lung]]<br />
*[[Lung cancer differential diagnosis|Lung Cancer Differential]]<br />
*[[Myopathy differential diagnosis|Myopathies Differential]]<br />
*[[Autism]]<br />
*[[Fat embolism syndrome|Fat Embolism]]<br />
*[[Crystal arthritis|Crystal Arthritis]]<br />
*[[Renal tubular acidosis|RTA]]<br />
*[[Hematuria differential diagnosis|Hematuria Differential Diagnosis]]<br />
*[[C3 glomerulopathy|C3 Glomerulopathy]]<br />
*[[Acute tubular necrosis|ATN]]<br />
*[[Fetal alcohol syndrome|Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Lymphoma|Lymphoma landing Page]]<br />
*[[Oral Lesions]]<br />
*[[Hepatoblastoma]]<br />
*[[Salivary gland tumors|Salivary Gland Tumors]] (LP)<br />
*[[Cervical polyp|Cervical Polyp]]<br />
*[[Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma|Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma]]<br />
*[[Adrenolipoma]]<br />
*Penial Gland tumors<br />
*[[Pineocytoma]]<br />
*[[Pineoblastoma]]<br />
*[[Vestibular tumor|Vestibular Tumor]]<br />
*[[Dysplastic nevus|Dysplastic Nevus]]<br />
*[[Hemangiopericytoma]]<br />
*[[Epithelioid sarcoma|Epithelioid Sarcoma]]<br />
*[[Leucocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 related amyloidosis]]<br />
*[[Restrictive lung disease|Restrictive Lung Disease Landing page]]<br />
*[[Wild type amyloidosis|Wild type (Senile) Amyloidosis]]<br />
*[[Cardiac amyloidosis|ATTR amyloidosis**]]<br />
*[[Transposition of the great vessels|Transposition of Great Vessels]]<br />
*[[Third degree AV block]]<br />
*[[Holiday heart syndrome|Holiday Heart Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Endocardial cushion defect|Endocardial Cushion Defects]]<br />
*[[Bundle branch block|Bundle Branch Block]]<br />
*[[COVID-19-associated dermatologic manifestations|COVID-19 associated Dermatological Manifestations]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Differential Diagnosis Project==<br />
[[Oral Lesions]]<br />
<br />
[[Hematuria]]<br />
<br />
[[Lung cancer]]<br />
<br />
[[Liver mass]]<br />
<br />
[[Gastrointestinal bleeding|Gastrointestinal Bleeding]]<br />
<br />
[[Abdominal parasitic infection|Abdominal Parasitic infection]]<br />
<br />
==Pages Reviewed==</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=User:Aditya_Ganti&diff=1695934
User:Aditya Ganti
2021-04-01T17:45:25Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
==Aditya Ganti==<br />
'''Aditya Ganti, M.B.B.S'''[[image:Aditya Ganti.jpg|right|386x386px|alt=]]<br />
contact: +1 617-710-1081 <br r><br />
Email: [mailto:aganti@bidmc.harvard.edu aganti@bidmc.harvard.edu] <br><br />
<br />
==Current position==<br />
Postdoctorol Research Fellow,PERFUSE study group<br><br />
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Harvard University<br />
<br />
==Professional Background==<br />
Dr.Aditya Ganti is a postdoctoral research fellow of cardiovascular medicine at the PERFUSE Study Group at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. He received his M.B.B.S.Degree from Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences College in India in 2015. Dr.Aditya is currently an Associate editor in chief at WikiDoc.org<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
2015 M.B.B.S<br />
<br />
2016 ECFMG Certification<br />
<br />
2017 Certification in Manuscript writing and Clinical trial.<br />
<br />
2018 PPCR<br />
<br />
2019 Applied Biostatistics <br />
<br />
2020 MPH <br />
<br />
==Pages authored==<br />
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"><br />
*[[Lung abscess]]<br />
*[[Appendicular abscess]]<br />
*[[Blastomycosis]]<br />
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]<br />
*[[Actinomycosis]]<br />
*[[Typhus]]<br />
*[[Spinal cord compression|Spinal Cord Compression]]<br />
*[[Colonic abscess|Colonic Abscess]]<br />
*[[Cryptosporidiosis]]<br />
*[[Crohn’s disease|Crohn’s Disease]]<br />
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]<br />
*[[Sepsis]]<br />
*[[Haemophilus influenzae infection|Hemophilus influenza infection]]<br />
*[[Toxoplasmosis]]<br />
*[[Fibromyalgia]]<br />
*[[Hirschsprung's disease|Hirschsprung’s disease]]<br />
*[[African trypanosomiasis]]<br />
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]<br />
*[[Hantavirus infection|Hantavirus Infection]]<br />
*[[Schistosomiasis]]<br />
*[[Addison's disease|Addison’s Disease]]<br />
*[[Bourbon virus infection|Bourbon Virus Infection]]<br />
*[[PCOS]]<br />
*[[Kato-Katz thick smear|Kato-Katz Thick Smear]]<br />
*[[Suicide]]<br />
*[[Metabolic Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Toxic Adenoma]]<br />
*[[Celiac disease|Celiac Disease]]<br />
*[[Myxedema coma|Mxyedema Coma]]<br />
*[[Cerebral Palsy]]<br />
*[[MEN, type 1|MEN-1]]<br />
*[[Marburg hemorrhagic fever|Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever]]<br />
*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding|Gastrointestinal Bleeding]]<br />
*[[Upper gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
*[[Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]<br />
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|Non-Alcoholic Fatty liver disease]]<br />
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease|Inflammatory Bowel disease]] (LP)<br />
*[[Esophagitis]]<br />
*[[Liver mass|Liver Mass]]<br />
*[[Steatorrhea]]<br />
*[[Abdominal parasitic infection|Abdominal Parasitic Infection]]<br />
*[[Large cell carcinoma of the lung|Large Cell Carcinoma of Lung]]<br />
*[[Lung cancer differential diagnosis|Lung Cancer Differential]]<br />
*[[Myopathy differential diagnosis|Myopathies Differential]]<br />
*[[Autism]]<br />
*[[Fat embolism syndrome|Fat Embolism]]<br />
*[[Crystal arthritis|Crystal Arthritis]]<br />
*[[Renal tubular acidosis|RTA]]<br />
*[[Hematuria differential diagnosis|Hematuria Differential Diagnosis]]<br />
*[[C3 glomerulopathy|C3 Glomerulopathy]]<br />
*[[Acute tubular necrosis|ATN]]<br />
*[[Fetal alcohol syndrome|Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Lymphoma|Lymphoma landing Page]]<br />
*[[Oral Lesions]]<br />
*[[Hepatoblastoma]]<br />
*[[Salivary gland tumors|Salivary Gland Tumors]] (LP)<br />
*[[Cervical polyp|Cervical Polyp]]<br />
*[[Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma|Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma]]<br />
*[[Adrenolipoma]]<br />
*Penial Gland tumors<br />
*[[Pineocytoma]]<br />
*[[Pineoblastoma]]<br />
*[[Vestibular tumor|Vestibular Tumor]]<br />
*[[Dysplastic nevus|Dysplastic Nevus]]<br />
*[[Hemangiopericytoma]]<br />
*[[Epithelioid sarcoma|Epithelioid Sarcoma]]<br />
*[[Leucocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 related amyloidosis]]<br />
*[[Restrictive lung disease|Restrictive Lung Disease Landing page]]<br />
*[[Wild type amyloidosis|Wild type (Senile) Amyloidosis]]<br />
*[[Cardiac amyloidosis|ATTR amyloidosis**]]<br />
*[[Transposition of the great vessels|Transposition of Great Vessels]]<br />
*[[Third degree AV block]]<br />
*[[Holiday heart syndrome|Holiday Heart Syndrome]]<br />
*[[Endocardial cushion defect|Endocardial Cushion Defects]]<br />
*[[Bundle branch block|Bundle Branch Block]]<br />
*[[COVID-19-associated dermatologic manifestations|COVID-19 associated Dermatological Manifestations]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Differential Diagnosis Project==<br />
[[Oral Lesions]]<br />
<br />
[[Hematuria]]<br />
<br />
[[Lung cancer]]<br />
<br />
[[Liver mass]]<br />
<br />
[[Gastrointestinal bleeding|Gastrointestinal Bleeding]]<br />
<br />
[[Abdominal parasitic infection|Abdominal Parasitic infection]]<br />
<br />
==Pages Reviewed==</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695933
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-04-01T17:38:25Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Screening */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
There is no established system for the classification of nasal septal hematoma. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
! colspan="4" |Classification of heamatoma<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Type 1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Type 2<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Type C<br />
|Type Ca<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Type Cb<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum is made up of a cartilage along with thin layer of [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*All these blood vessels form an anastomosis known as Kiesselbach plexus which is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is [[Fracture|fractured]], [[blood]] can dissect and form [[hematoma]], which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact pathogenesis of development of hematoma is not fully understood.<br />
*Though septal cartilage is an avascular structure, it gets nourished from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Any trauma to nasal septum disrupts the blood supply to the perichondrium due to external force that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*Hematoma sets in the vacant space due to the rupture of submucosal vessels.<br />
*Further expansion of the hematoma exerts pressure induced ischemic changes on the cartilage.<br />
*If not rapidly evacuated, pressure-induced ischemic changes leads to avascular necrosis of the nasal cartilage ultimately into perforation<br />
*The accumulated blood and necrotic tissue also form a nidus for infection with bacteria that colonize the nasal mucosa.<br />
*Once necrosis and/or septal abscess occur, the replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue, retraction of scar tissue, and loss of support to the lower nose may lead to facial deformity, including saddle nose, displacement of the maxilla, retraction of the anterior nasal septum (columella), widening of the nasal base, and diminished size of the nasal cavity<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
The [a'dajfa'g <br />
<br />
=== When to screen ===<br />
<br />
* WHen the patoient comes with bleeding <br />
* WHen they invokve in fight <br />
* <br />
<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
<br />
*If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face.<br />
<br />
*Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. <br />
*In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br />Prognosis<br />
<br />
If hematoma is not evacuated early, it may lead to irreversible damage as soon as 24 hours after injury. <br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695932
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-04-01T17:37:37Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
There is no established system for the classification of nasal septal hematoma. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
! colspan="4" |Classification of heamatoma<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Type 1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Type 2<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Type C<br />
|Type Ca<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Type Cb<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum is made up of a cartilage along with thin layer of [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*All these blood vessels form an anastomosis known as Kiesselbach plexus which is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is [[Fracture|fractured]], [[blood]] can dissect and form [[hematoma]], which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact pathogenesis of development of hematoma is not fully understood.<br />
*Though septal cartilage is an avascular structure, it gets nourished from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Any trauma to nasal septum disrupts the blood supply to the perichondrium due to external force that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*Hematoma sets in the vacant space due to the rupture of submucosal vessels.<br />
*Further expansion of the hematoma exerts pressure induced ischemic changes on the cartilage.<br />
*If not rapidly evacuated, pressure-induced ischemic changes leads to avascular necrosis of the nasal cartilage ultimately into perforation<br />
*The accumulated blood and necrotic tissue also form a nidus for infection with bacteria that colonize the nasal mucosa.<br />
*Once necrosis and/or septal abscess occur, the replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue, retraction of scar tissue, and loss of support to the lower nose may lead to facial deformity, including saddle nose, displacement of the maxilla, retraction of the anterior nasal septum (columella), widening of the nasal base, and diminished size of the nasal cavity<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Screening ==<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
<br />
*If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face.<br />
<br />
*Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. <br />
*In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br />Prognosis<br />
<br />
If hematoma is not evacuated early, it may lead to irreversible damage as soon as 24 hours after injury. <br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695931
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-04-01T17:37:06Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Classification */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
There is no established system for the classification of nasal septal hematoma. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
! colspan="4" |Classification of heamatoma <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Type 1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Type 2<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Type C<br />
|Type Ca<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Type Cb <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum is made up of a cartilage along with thin layer of [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*All these blood vessels form an anastomosis known as Kiesselbach plexus which is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is [[Fracture|fractured]], [[blood]] can dissect and form [[hematoma]], which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact pathogenesis of development of hematoma is not fully understood.<br />
*Though septal cartilage is an avascular structure, it gets nourished from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Any trauma to nasal septum disrupts the blood supply to the perichondrium due to external force that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*Hematoma sets in the vacant space due to the rupture of submucosal vessels.<br />
*Further expansion of the hematoma exerts pressure induced ischemic changes on the cartilage.<br />
*If not rapidly evacuated, pressure-induced ischemic changes leads to avascular necrosis of the nasal cartilage ultimately into perforation<br />
*The accumulated blood and necrotic tissue also form a nidus for infection with bacteria that colonize the nasal mucosa.<br />
*Once necrosis and/or septal abscess occur, the replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue, retraction of scar tissue, and loss of support to the lower nose may lead to facial deformity, including saddle nose, displacement of the maxilla, retraction of the anterior nasal septum (columella), widening of the nasal base, and diminished size of the nasal cavity<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
<br />
*If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face.<br />
<br />
*Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. <br />
*In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br />Prognosis<br />
<br />
If hematoma is not evacuated early, it may lead to irreversible damage as soon as 24 hours after injury. <br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695927
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-04-01T17:28:06Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Classification */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
There is no established system for the classification of nasal septal hematoma. <br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum is made up of a cartilage along with thin layer of [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*All these blood vessels form an anastomosis known as Kiesselbach plexus which is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is [[Fracture|fractured]], [[blood]] can dissect and form [[hematoma]], which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact pathogenesis of development of hematoma is not fully understood.<br />
*Though septal cartilage is an avascular structure, it gets nourished from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Any trauma to nasal septum disrupts the blood supply to the perichondrium due to external force that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*Hematoma sets in the vacant space due to the rupture of submucosal vessels.<br />
*Further expansion of the hematoma exerts pressure induced ischemic changes on the cartilage.<br />
*If not rapidly evacuated, pressure-induced ischemic changes leads to avascular necrosis of the nasal cartilage ultimately into perforation<br />
*The accumulated blood and necrotic tissue also form a nidus for infection with bacteria that colonize the nasal mucosa.<br />
*Once necrosis and/or septal abscess occur, the replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue, retraction of scar tissue, and loss of support to the lower nose may lead to facial deformity, including saddle nose, displacement of the maxilla, retraction of the anterior nasal septum (columella), widening of the nasal base, and diminished size of the nasal cavity<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
<br />
*If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face.<br />
<br />
*Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. <br />
*In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br />Prognosis<br />
<br />
If hematoma is not evacuated early, it may lead to irreversible damage as soon as 24 hours after injury. <br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695706
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T11:27:13Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum is made up of a cartilage along with thin layer of [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*All these blood vessels form an anastomosis known as Kiesselbach plexus which is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is [[Fracture|fractured]], [[blood]] can dissect and form [[hematoma]], which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact pathogenesis of development of hematoma is not fully understood.<br />
*Though septal cartilage is an avascular structure, it gets nourished from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Any trauma to nasal septum disrupts the blood supply to the perichondrium due to external force that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*Hematoma sets in the vacant space due to the rupture of submucosal vessels.<br />
*Further expansion of the hematoma exerts pressure induced ischemic changes on the cartilage.<br />
*If not rapidly evacuated, pressure-induced ischemic changes leads to avascular necrosis of the nasal cartilage ultimately into perforation<br />
*The accumulated blood and necrotic tissue also form a nidus for infection with bacteria that colonize the nasal mucosa.<br />
*Once necrosis and/or septal abscess occur, the replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue, retraction of scar tissue, and loss of support to the lower nose may lead to facial deformity, including saddle nose, displacement of the maxilla, retraction of the anterior nasal septum (columella), widening of the nasal base, and diminished size of the nasal cavity<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
<br />
* If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. <br />
<br />
* Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. <br />
* In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br />Prognosis<br />
<br />
If hematoma is not evacuated early, it may lead to irreversible damage as soon as 24 hours after injury. <br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695705
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T11:26:36Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum is made up of a cartilage along with thin layer of [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*All these blood vessels form an anastomosis known as Kiesselbach plexus which is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is [[Fracture|fractured]], [[blood]] can dissect and form [[hematoma]], which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact pathogenesis of development of hematoma is not fully understood.<br />
*Though septal cartilage is an avascular structure, it gets nourished from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Any trauma to nasal septum disrupts the blood supply to the perichondrium due to external force that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*Hematoma sets in the vacant space due to the rupture of submucosal vessels.<br />
*Further expansion of the hematoma exerts pressure induced ischemic changes on the cartilage.<br />
*If not rapidly evacuated, pressure-induced ischemic changes leads to avascular necrosis of the nasal cartilage ultimately into perforation<br />
*The accumulated blood and necrotic tissue also form a nidus for infection with bacteria that colonize the nasal mucosa.<br />
*Once necrosis and/or septal abscess occur, the replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue, retraction of scar tissue, and loss of support to the lower nose may lead to facial deformity, including saddle nose, displacement of the maxilla, retraction of the anterior nasal septum (columella), widening of the nasal base, and diminished size of the nasal cavity<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br />Prognosis<br />
<br />
If hematoma is not evacuated early, it may lead to irreversible damage as soon as 24 hours after injury. <br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695704
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T11:19:24Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum is made up of a cartilage along with thin layer of [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*All these blood vessels form an anastomosis known as Kiesselbach plexus which is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is [[Fracture|fractured]], [[blood]] can dissect and form [[hematoma]], which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact pathogenesis of development of hematoma is not fully understood.<br />
*Though septal cartilage is an avascular structure, it gets nourished from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Any trauma to nasal septum disrupts the blood supply to the perichondrium due to external force that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*Hematoma sets in the vacant space due to the rupture of submucosal vessels.<br />
*Further expansion of the hematoma exerts pressure induced ischemic changes on the cartilage.<br />
*If not rapidly evacuated, pressure-induced ischemic changes leads to avascular necrosis of the nasal cartilage ultimately into perforation <br />
*The accumulated blood and necrotic tissue also form a nidus for infection with bacteria that colonize the nasal mucosa.<br />
*Once necrosis and/or septal abscess occur, the replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue, retraction of scar tissue, and loss of support to the lower nose may lead to facial deformity, including saddle nose, displacement of the maxilla, retraction of the anterior nasal septum (columella), widening of the nasal base, and diminished size of the nasal cavity <br />
*Physicians hypothesize that trauma <br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br />Prognosis<br />
<br />
If hematoma is not evacuated early, it may lead to irreversible damage as soon as 24 hours after injury. <br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695703
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T11:01:50Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Pathophysiology */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum is made up of a cartilage along with thin layer of [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*All these blood vessels form an anastomosis known as Kiesselbach plexus which is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum.<br />
<br />
=== Pathogenesis ===<br />
<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is [[Fracture|fractured]], [[blood]] can dissect and form [[hematoma]], which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact mechanism underlying the formation of nasal septal hematoma remains controversial. <br />
*Septal cartilage is an avascular structure, 2 mm to 4 mm thick, which receives its nutrients supply from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Physicians hypothesize that trauma results in sharp buckling forces that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br /><br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695702
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T10:58:27Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Anatomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum consists of a thin cartilaginous layer adherent [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum derives its blood supply from the [[Anterior ethmoidal artery|anterior]] and [[Posterior ethmoidal artery|posterior ethmoid arteries]] and the [[sphenopalatine artery]].<br />
<br />
*The area known as Kiesselbach plexus is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum, where all the key blood vessels anastomose.<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is fractured, blood can dissect and form hematoma, which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact mechanism underlying the formation of nasal septal hematoma remains controversial. <br />
*Septal cartilage is an avascular structure, 2 mm to 4 mm thick, which receives its nutrients supply from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Physicians hypothesize that trauma results in sharp buckling forces that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br /><br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=File:Arteries_of_the_Nose.jpg&diff=1695701
File:Arteries of the Nose.jpg
2021-03-30T10:56:40Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: Aditya Ganti uploaded a new version of File:Arteries of the Nose.jpg</p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695700
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T10:55:32Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Anatomy */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Anatomy===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum consists of a thin cartilaginous layer adherent [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum is about 3-4 mm thick and derives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries and the sphenopalatine artery.<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
[[File:Arteries of the Nose.jpg|alt=Mbuchko3, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons|center|thumb|200x200px|Drawing demonstrating the arteries that supply Little's plexus (shown by dotted line)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*The area known as Kiesselbach plexus is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum, where all the key blood vessels anastomose.<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is fractured, blood can dissect and form hematoma, which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact mechanism underlying the formation of nasal septal hematoma remains controversial. <br />
*Septal cartilage is an avascular structure, 2 mm to 4 mm thick, which receives its nutrients supply from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Physicians hypothesize that trauma results in sharp buckling forces that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br /><br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=File:Arteries_of_the_Nose.jpg&diff=1695699
File:Arteries of the Nose.jpg
2021-03-30T10:51:59Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695698
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T10:49:35Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Pathophysiology */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
=== Anatomy ===<br />
<br />
*The nasal septum consists of a thin cartilaginous layer adherent [[mucosa]] and [[perichondrium]].<br />
*The nasal septum is about 3-4 mm thick and derives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries and the sphenopalatine artery.<br />
*The area known as Kiesselbach plexus is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum, where all the key blood vessels anastomose.<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is fractured, blood can dissect and form hematoma, which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact mechanism underlying the formation of nasal septal hematoma remains controversial. <br />
*Septal cartilage is an avascular structure, 2 mm to 4 mm thick, which receives its nutrients supply from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Physicians hypothesize that trauma results in sharp buckling forces that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
*The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose.<br />
*Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
**Contact sports<br />
**Motor vehicle accident (MVA)<br />
**Recental nasal surgery<br />
**Nasal fracture<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br /><br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695691
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T03:45:38Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Risk Factors */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
*The anterior part of the nasal septum consists of a thin cartilaginous layer with closely adherent mucosa and perichondrium.<br />
*The nasal septum is about 3-4 mm thick and derives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries and the sphenopalatine artery.<br />
*The area known as Kiesselbach plexus is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum, where all the key blood vessels anastomose.<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is fractured, blood can dissect and form hematoma, which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact mechanism underlying the formation of nasal septal hematoma remains controversial. <br />
*Septal cartilage is an avascular structure, 2 mm to 4 mm thick, which receives its nutrients supply from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Physicians hypothesize that trauma results in sharp buckling forces that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
<br />
* The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose. <br />
* Risk factors for nose injury include: <br />
** Contact sports <br />
** Motor vehicle accident (MVA) <br />
** Recental nasal surgery <br />
** Nasal fracture <br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br /><br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695690
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T03:42:37Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Risk Factors */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
*The anterior part of the nasal septum consists of a thin cartilaginous layer with closely adherent mucosa and perichondrium.<br />
*The nasal septum is about 3-4 mm thick and derives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries and the sphenopalatine artery.<br />
*The area known as Kiesselbach plexus is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum, where all the key blood vessels anastomose.<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is fractured, blood can dissect and form hematoma, which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact mechanism underlying the formation of nasal septal hematoma remains controversial. <br />
*Septal cartilage is an avascular structure, 2 mm to 4 mm thick, which receives its nutrients supply from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Physicians hypothesize that trauma results in sharp buckling forces that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose. <br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br /><br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Nasal_Septal_Hematoma&diff=1695689
Nasal Septal Hematoma
2021-03-30T03:42:01Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Risk Factors */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}}<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
==Classification==<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
*The anterior part of the nasal septum consists of a thin cartilaginous layer with closely adherent mucosa and perichondrium.<br />
*The nasal septum is about 3-4 mm thick and derives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries and the sphenopalatine artery.<br />
*The area known as Kiesselbach plexus is found in the anterior inferior third of the nasal septum, where all the key blood vessels anastomose.<br />
*When the nasal cartilage is fractured, blood can dissect and form hematoma, which may be bilateral.<br />
*The exact mechanism underlying the formation of nasal septal hematoma remains controversial. <br />
*Septal cartilage is an avascular structure, 2 mm to 4 mm thick, which receives its nutrients supply from the overlying [[perichondrium]].<br />
*Physicians hypothesize that trauma results in sharp buckling forces that pull the closely adherent mucoperichondrium from the underlying cartilage.<br />
*This causes the rupture of submucosal vessels which ultimately causes a collection of blood between the cartilage and the perichondrium.<br />
*Hematoma thus formed, results in pressure-related ischaemic changes and the subsequent necrosis of the septal cartilage.<br />
*If the trauma is severe enough, the septal cartilage gets fractured, and blood sweeps to the opposite side resulting in a bilateral septal hematoma.<br />
*This situation is more hazardous as it doubles the compromise on the nutrient supply of septal cartilage and hastens the process of cartilage necrosis.<br />
<br />
*Hematoma acts as an ideal medium for bacterial proliferation and colonization.<br />
*If left untreated, it gets infected within 72 hours leading to the formation of a septal abscess.<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
<br />
*The most common cause of nasal septal hematoma is nasal trauma. <br />
**Nasal trauma can be secondary to sports injuries, road-side accidents, falls, assault or occupational injuries.<br />
**Even a minor injury can lead to nasal septal hematoma, especially in children.<br />
<br />
*Nasal septal hematoma without history of injury must look into the suspicion of child abuse.<br />
<br />
*Iatrogenic septal hematoma may arise as a complication of nasal surgeries.<br />
*Atraumatic septal hematoma is rarely seen in patients with bleeding diathesis or as an adverse effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Nasal Septal Hematoma from other Diseases==<br />
Nasal septal hematoma must be differentiated from other diseases with similar presentation<br />
<br />
*[[Angiofibroma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chronic sinusitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Chondromas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Hemangioma]]<br />
<br />
*[[Malignancies]]<br />
<br />
*[[Nasal polyps]]<br />
<br />
*[[Papillomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Granulomas|Pyogenic granulomas]]<br />
<br />
*[[Rhinitis]]<br />
<br />
*[[Abscess|Septal abscess]]<br />
<br />
*[[Deformities|Septal deformities]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*The exact incidence of nasal septal hematoma is unknown as majority of the cases are undiagnosed.<br />
*However, from the reported cases of nasal injuries incidence of septal hematoma was 0.8% to 1.6%.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
The most potent risk factor in the development of nasal septal hematoma is injury to the nose. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].<br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
<br />
====Natural History====<br />
If left untreated, the infection can spread to the nearby anatomical structures like paranasal sinuses, orbit or intracranial structures, through the venous draining the mid-face. Avascular necrosis and secondary infection can lead to the collapse of septal cartilage causing various types of nasal deformities. In children, destruction can cause an altered growth of mid-face and permanent facial deformity.<br />
<br />
====Complications====<br />
<br />
<br />
Common complications associated with untreated septal hematoma include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|Local<br />
|<br />
*Septal abscess<br />
*Saddle nose<br />
*Deviated nasal septum<br />
*Nasal valve collapse<br />
*Sinusitis<br />
*Facial cellulitis<br />
*Nasal vestibulitis<br />
|-<br />
|Systemic<br />
|<br />
*Sepsis<br />
*Bacteremia<br />
|-<br />
|Orbital<br />
|<br />
*Orbital cellulitis<br />
*Sub-periosteal abscess<br />
*Orbital abscess<br />
|-<br />
|Intracranial Complications<br />
|<br />
*Cavernous sinus thrombosis<br />
*Epidural abscess<br />
*Meningitis<br />
|}<br />
<br /><br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
Nasal septal hematoma is a clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of septal hematoma can be established by taking a careful history and performing complete physical examination. <br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
The majority of patients with nasal septal hematoma presents within within the first 24 to 72 hours after trauma. The most common symptom are<br />
<br />
*Nasal obstruction ( unilateral or bilateral)<br />
*Pain<br />
*Rhinorrhea<br />
*Fever<br />
*Nasal deformity /Nasal pain<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
Clinical examination of nasal septal hematoma is usually confirmatory. Findings on nasal speculum or otoscope include<br />
<br />
*Blood clots<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum with bluish or reddish mucosal swelling suggests a hematoma.<br />
*On direct palpation by inserting the little finger feels soft and fluctuant in contrast to deviated nasal septum which will be firm and concave on the opposite side.<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Examination<br />
!Physical Findings<br />
|-<br />
|Inspection<br />
|Identifies location and extent of nasal injury<br />
<br />
*Epistaxis, edema, and ecchymosis suggest septal injury<br />
|-<br />
|Palpation<br />
|Tenderness over the tip of nose is specific for septal hematoma<br />
|-<br />
|Examination of the nasal cavity<br />
|Findings suggestive of septal hematoma include:<br />
<br />
*Asymmetry of the septum<br />
*Blue or red discoloration of the nasal septum<br />
*Nasal mucosal swelling obstructing the nasal passage<br />
*Lack of reduction in size on the application of vasoconstrictive agents.<br />
**<br />
**<br />
<br />
*<br />
<br />
*<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
===X-ray===<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
===CT scan===<br />
===MRI===<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
==Treatment==<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
===Surgery===<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Otosclerosis&diff=1695461
Otosclerosis
2021-03-25T17:40:57Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Audiometry and tympanometry */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CSN}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}} <br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is an osseous dyscrasia of the otic capsule, which should be an endochondral dense bony part in the labyrinth, replaced by irregularly laid spongy bone leading to the fixation of stapes. It is one of the most common causes of conductive deafness with normal tympanic membranes. Thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window Though majority of cases are observed at the oval window, otosclerosis can also affect the round window, cochlear apex, posterior to the oval window, posterior and anterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC), cochlear aqueduct, semicircular canals, and within the stapes footplate. It can be asymptomatic or in advanced cases extend into the bony labyrinth and affect cochlea which causes mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss depending on the position of foci. Otosclerosis is common in Caucasians and predominantly women. Hormonal fluctuations in women like during pregnancy and menopause may aggravate the disease. Many genetic factors contribute to the development of otosclerosis. And it is an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Measles was found to be one of the reasons for otosclerosis. Other factors include inflammatory cytokine and cytotoxic mediators secondary to inflammation. (CT) scanning of the temporal bone can often demonstrate foci of demineralization in the otic capsule in cases of cochlear otosclerosis. The treatment for hearing loss is essentially stapes surgery with successful improvement of 90%-95% in the first 5 years; decreases to 63% after 30years and rarely need revision surgery. Additionally, hearing aid and cochlear implants could be used along with surgery.<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
<br />
*1704:Antonio Maria Valsalva identified fixation of stapes as a cause of hearing loss.<ref name="pmid23336672">{{cite journal| author=Redfors YD, Hellgren J, Möller C| title=Hearing-aid use and benefit: a long-term follow-up in patients undergoing surgery for otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Audiol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 194-9 | pmid=23336672 | doi=10.3109/14992027.2012.754957 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23336672 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20456195">{{cite journal| author=Bajaj Y, Uppal S, Bhatti I, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 3: the surgical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-10 | pmid=20456195 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02047.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456195 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29502731">{{cite journal| author=McElveen JT, Kutz JW| title=Controversies in the Evaluation and Management of Otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 487-499 | pmid=29502731 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502731 }}</ref>.<br />
*1841:Toyn bee stated, "osseous ankylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis as one of the causes of deafness".<br />
*1876:Johannes Kessel described stapes surgery as the treatment.<br />
*1930-1950: Used Julius Lempert’s single-stage fenestration of stapes as treatment.<br />
*1956:John Shea modernized stapedectomy.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
;<nowiki>Based on Symons/fanning grading system otosclerosis can be classified into:</nowiki><ref name="pmid22935809">{{cite journal| author=Quesnel AM, Seton M, Merchant SN, Halpin C, McKenna MJ| title=Third-generation bisphosphonates for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 8 | pages= 1308-14 | pmid=22935809 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318268d1b3 | pmc=3442123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22935809 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*'''Grade 1''': Fenestral Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 2''': Cochlear Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2A''':Basal cochlear turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2B''':Middle/Apical turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2C''':Both Basal and Middle/apical Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 3''':Diffuse confluent cochlear involvement (with or without fenestral involvement)<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Embryology===<br />
'''Table explains the embryological process for the development of bony labyrinth'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gestational week<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Developmental process<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4th week<br />
|<br />
*Development of otic canal from mesenchyme of otic vesicle by forming an otic capsule around it<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8th week<br />
|<br />
*Initiation of the cartilaginous framework<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |16th week<br />
|<br />
*Endochondrial replacement of the cartilaginous framework.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*In certain cases, completion of the third stage of bone formation doesn't occur leading to cartilages between bony structures.<ref name="pmid20089010">{{cite journal| author=Uppal S, Bajaj Y, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 2: the medical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=20089010 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02046.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23921926">{{cite journal| author=Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK| title=The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e55-60 | pmid=23921926 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318298ac96 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23921926 }}</ref><br />
*During labyrinth bone formation, the anterior to the oval window is usually the last area to develop. This area is the most common site for otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*Accumulation of bone deposits because of increased bone remodeling which is bone resorption followed by bone deposition in the otic capsule result in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid16434632">{{cite journal| author=Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS| title=Does this patient have hearing impairment? | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-28 | pmid=16434632 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.4.416 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16434632 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17076020 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Oct;9(4):120] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17213129 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):116]</ref><br />
*Audiological findings are directly proportionate to the extent of bone remodeling.<ref name="pmid10205935">{{cite journal| author=Sellari-Franceschini S, Ravecca F, De Vito A, Berrettini S| title=[Progressive sensorineural hearing loss in cochlear otosclerosis]. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 1998 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 Suppl 59 | pages= 59-65 | pmid=10205935 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10205935 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21358194">{{cite journal| author=Ealy M, Smith RJH| title=Otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2011 | volume= 70 | issue= | pages= 122-129 | pmid=21358194 | doi=10.1159/000322488 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21358194 }}</ref><br />
*Bone remodeling happens in 3 phases:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Phase!! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Mechanism of action<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otospongiosis||Increase in both osteoclast activity and microvascularity<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Transitional phase||begins with deposits of spongy bone by osteoblasts in areas of previous bone reabsorption<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otosclerotic phase||characterized by spongy bone deposits developing into dense bone that narrows the microcirculation previously developed in the otospongiosis phase<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The lesions occur mostly in the anterior to the oval window by calcifying of annular ligament or by involving stapes footplate (80%).<br />
*While 30% of cases have the lesion at the round window,21% have it at peri cochlear region, and 19% at the anterior segment of the internal auditory canal.<br />
<br />
===Associated Conditions===<br />
Conditions associated with otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid21916215">{{cite journal| author=Thomas JP, Minovi A, Dazert S| title=Current aspects of etiology, diagnosis and therapy of otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-70 | pmid=21916215 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(11)70670-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21916215 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;*Pregnancy<br />
:There is no strong evidence why pregnancy worsens hearing loss in some patients with otosclerosis.However 33% women with otosclerosis are found to deteriorate in hearing after one pregnancy.<ref name="pmid16985478">{{cite journal| author=Vincent R, Sperling NM, Oates J, Jindal M| title=Surgical findings and long-term hearing results in 3,050 stapedotomies for primary otosclerosis: a prospective study with the otology-neurotology database. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 Suppl 2 | pages= S25-47 | pmid=16985478 | doi=10.1097/01.mao.0000235311.80066.df | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985478 }}</ref><br />
;*Measles<br />
:RNA of measles virus was detected at the footplate of stapes in otosclerotic patients , suggesting its role in causing it, while incidence has reduced significantly in vaccinated populations.<br />
<br />
*'''Trauma and Major surgeries''' also cause otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
;*Autoimmune<br />
:Though research on this is in the initial stages, inflammatory cytokine like TNF-alpha and cytotoxic mediators were found at the otosclerotic bone suggesting its role in the pathology.<ref name="pmid262764182">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Common causes of otosclerosis include:<br />
<br />
;Embryological Cause<br />
:*During the maturation of the otic capsule of the labyrinth, certain places skip the complete conversion to endochondral, leading to irregularly laid spongy bone. This most commonly is seen at fissula ante fenestram.<ref name="pmid26276418">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;Genetic Cause<br />
:*Studies have been conducted and found Type 1 collagen gene(COL1A1), a component essential for bone metabolism plays a role in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid168857482">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
:*TGF-beta 1(BMP 2 and BMP 4 gene and Angiotensin II (AGT M235T and ACE I/D genes) are also found associated with otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid15513522">{{cite journal| author=Imauchi Y, Lainé P, Sterkers O, Ferrary E, Bozorg Grayeli A| title=Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter activity in otosclerotic bone cell cultures and SaOS-2 cells. | journal=Acta Otolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 8 | pages= 890-5 | pmid=15513522 | doi=10.1080/00016480310017081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15513522 }}</ref><ref name="pmid262764184">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
:*Other genetic causes for otosclerosis include sex hormones, autoimmune reaction, human leucocyte antigen, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, parathyroid hormone, and expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptides receptors, and oxidative stress<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Otosclerosis from other Diseases==<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*Though a variable pattern of inheritance is observed, 60% of patients report a family with a history of otosclerosis. Thus researchers conclude this condition as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.<br />
*Greater preponderance in women compared to men in a ratio of 2:1.<br />
*Even though the disease begins in the second and third decade of life, it doesn't result in hearing loss until the fourth decade.<br />
*Clinical prevalence of otosclerosis is found to be higher in Caucasians by 0.04%-1% while the histological incidence of otosclerosis increases to 10% in the same..The incidence of histological otosclerosis is 1% and 5% in African and Asian population respectively.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
Common risk factors in the development of otosclerosis include<ref name="pmid17245017">{{cite journal| author=Declau F, Spaendonck MV, Timmermans JP, Michaels L, Liang J, Qiu JP | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of histologic otosclerosis: an unbiased temporal bone study in Caucasians. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 6-16 | pmid=17245017 | doi=10.1159/000098663 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245017 }}</ref>. <br />
<br />
;*Genetic factor<br />
:Otosclerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance. When 60% of patients were found with family history, 40-50% of patients have it with variable patterns of inheritance. But hearing loss in otosclerosis is found only with family history of the same.<ref name="pmid262764183">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
;*Hormonal conditions<br />
:Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause increase the occurrence of hearing loss in pre-existing otosclerosis.<br />
;*Measles<br />
:Persistent measles virus infection of stapes footplate results in activated osteoclast and inflammatory pathways by TNF-alpha mRNA. The protective function of osteoprotegerin at the otic capsule is inhibited by TNF-alpha and its action on RANK production<ref name="pmid16885748">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
Even though otosclerosis appears to be genetic deafness, early prevention can help in combating the disorder and its prevention.<ref name="pmid6074235">{{cite journal| author=Tato JM, Tato JM| title=Otosclerosis and races. | journal=Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | year= 1967 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 1018-25 | pmid=6074235 | doi=10.1177/000348946707600512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6074235 }}</ref><br />
<br />
#Systematic Impedance-audiometry screening: The purpose of this screening is to detect a possible diphasic impedance change (on-off effect) by eliciting stapedius reflex. It is done in school going-children and helps in the early detection of stapedial fixation.<br />
#Systematic Bone-conducted audiometry screening: It is done in young children with a family history of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
===Complications===<br />
Post-op complications of otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid3883726">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald DC| title=The aging ear. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1985 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 225-32 | pmid=3883726 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3883726 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Perilymph fistula: Progressive hearing loss, Tinnitus, or vertigo.<br />
*Taste disturbance<br />
*Facial nerve injury<br />
*Sensorineural hearing loss<br />
*Post stapedectomy granulomas<br />
*Vertigo<br />
<br />
===Prognosis===<br />
<br />
*Most of the patients find improvement in their hearing ability after the surgery.<ref name="pmid30540696">{{cite journal| author=Crompton M, Cadge BA, Ziff JL, Mowat AJ, Nash R, Lavy JA | display-authors=etal| title=The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2019 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-30 | pmid=30540696 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002047 | pmc=6314447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30540696 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32499972">{{cite journal| author=Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS| title=Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e7927 | pmid=32499972 | doi=10.7759/cureus.7927 | pmc=7265776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32499972 }}</ref><br />
*Only a few don't have any change post-surgery and rarely hearing loss worsens.<br />
*There have been cases where the prosthesis was found displaced from its original position, causing conductive hearing loss again in some patients.<br />
*The second surgery was observed to be less successful than the first.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
Patients present with the following:<ref name="pmid262764185">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20195188">{{cite journal| author=Makarem AO, Hoang TA, Lo WW, Linthicum FH, Fayad JN| title=Cavitating otosclerosis: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlations. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 381-4 | pmid=20195188 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181d275e8 | pmc=2880664 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20195188 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Most cases are asymptomatic and diagnosed as an incidental finding in temporal autopsies.<br />
*Bilateral(80%) or unilateral involvement earlier in the disease.<br />
*Progressive hearing loss, which might worsen with lower tone and frequencies like male voices and vowels.<br />
*vertigo(10%)<br />
*tinnitus (50%)<br />
*Schwartz sign or flamingos pink sign(not necessary for diagnosis): redness along the promontory of tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
===='''<u>Tuning fork</u>'''====<br />
<br />
*Pros of using a tuning fork for diagnosis:<ref name="pmid29502722">{{cite journal| author=Nazarian R, McElveen JT, Eshraghi AA| title=History of Otosclerosis and Stapes Surgery. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 275-290 | pmid=29502722 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502722 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18652164">{{cite journal| author=Wielgosz R, Mroczkowski E| title=[History of endaural surgery]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 348-50 | pmid=18652164 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70269-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18652164 }}</ref><br />
**Negative [[Rinne test]]<br />
**[[Weber test]] lateralizes to the ear with severe conductive loss.<br />
*Cons of using tuning fork for diagnosis<br />
**[[Rinne test]] cannot differentiate between [[sensorineural hearing loss]] and normal hearing loss.<br />
**[[Weber test|Weber test's]] inability to differentiate a bilateral hearing loss.<br />
<br />
===Audiometry and tympanometry===<br />
<br />
*Carhart's notch: [[Bone conduction]] depression in threshold at 2000 Hz. <br />
*After [[stapedectomy]] carhart's notch disappears.<ref name="pmid9760779">{{cite journal| author=Pietruski J| title=[Juliusz Lempert (1890-1959): the author of the fenestration technique]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 1998 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 341-6 | pmid=9760779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9760779 }}</ref><br />
*[[Tympanometry]] normal at early disease. <br />
*In severe cases, flattening and stiffening of curve representing low compliance of ossicular chain and [[tympanic membrane]]. <br />
*Good test to differentiate between otosclerosis and pathologies with low resonance.<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
There are no ECG findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===X-ray===<br />
There are no x-ray findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===CT scan===<br />
<br />
*High resolution computed tomography (CT) of the [[Temporal bone|temporal bones]] is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid29397948">{{cite journal| author=Cheng HCS, Agrawal SK, Parnes LS| title=Stapedectomy Versus Stapedotomy. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 375-392 | pmid=29397948 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29397948 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19321627">{{cite journal| author=Lee TC, Aviv RI, Chen JM, Nedzelski JM, Fox AJ, Symons SP| title=CT grading of otosclerosis. | journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 1435-9 | pmid=19321627 | doi=10.3174/ajnr.A1558 | pmc=7051554 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19321627 }}</ref><br />
*However, preoperative CT has little to add in establishing otosclerosis diagnosis and may not even be necessary to confirm diagnosis.<br />
*CT is recommended to be reserved for those patients with presumed additional abnormalities, for specific preoperative planning, or for legal necessity.<br />
*Common CT findings diagnostic of otosclerosis include increased bony radiolucency in the [[Otic pit|otic capsule]] around the anterior footplate, thickening of the [[stapes]], and widening of the [[oval window]].<br />
*Early sign on CT: halo sign; demineralized area outlining the cochlea.<br />
<br />
===MRI===<br />
There are no MRI findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
There are no other imaging findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid17245019">{{cite journal| author=Arnold W| title=Some remarks on the histopathology of otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 25-30 | pmid=17245019 | doi=10.1159/000098665 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245019 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24170657">{{cite journal| author=Bittermann AJ, Wegner I, Noordman BJ, Vincent R, van der Heijden GJ, Grolman W| title=An introduction of genetics in otosclerosis: a systematic review. | journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 150 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-9 | pmid=24170657 | doi=10.1177/0194599813509951 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24170657 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11170898">{{cite journal| author=Van Den Bogaert K, Govaerts PJ, Schatteman I, Brown MR, Caethoven G, Offeciers FE | display-authors=etal| title=A second gene for otosclerosis, OTSC2, maps to chromosome 7q34-36. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 2001 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= 495-500 | pmid=11170898 | doi=10.1086/318185 | pmc=1235283 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170898 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17213839">{{cite journal| author=Thys M, Van Den Bogaert K, Iliadou V, Vanderstraeten K, Dieltjens N, Schrauwen I | display-authors=etal| title=A seventh locus for otosclerosis, OTSC7, maps to chromosome 6q13-16.1. | journal=Eur J Hum Genet | year= 2007 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-8 | pmid=17213839 | doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201761 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17213839 }}</ref><ref name="pmid168857483">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
<br />
*[[Sodium fluoride]]: Though controversial, it is used to slow the progression of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid11240433">{{cite journal| author=Ben Arab S, Besbes G, Hachicha S| title=[Otosclerosis in populations living in northern Tunisia: epidemiology and etiology]. | journal=Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac | year= 2001 | volume= 118 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-25 | pmid=11240433 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11240433 }}</ref><br />
*[[Bisphosphonates]]: By inducing osteoclastic [[apoptosis]], [[bisphosphonates]] cause antiresorptive action, with promising results.<br />
<br />
===Surgery===<br />
<br />
*Stapedotomy or [[Stapedectomy]] along with placement of a [[prosthesis]], has shown a good prognosis with improved hearing ability.<ref name="pmid14172803">{{cite journal| author=JOSEPH RB, FRAZER JP| title=OTOSCLEROSIS INCIDENCE IN CAUCASIANS AND JAPANESE. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol | year= 1964 | volume= 80 | issue= | pages= 256-62 | pmid=14172803 | doi=10.1001/archotol.1964.00750040266004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14172803 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6883784">{{cite journal| author=Gristwood RE, Venables WN| title=Pregnancy and otosclerosis. | journal=Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci | year= 1983 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 205-10 | pmid=6883784 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2273.1983.tb01428.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6883784 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18235207">{{cite journal| author=Niedermeyer HP, Arnold W| title=Otosclerosis and measles virus - association or causation? | journal=ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 63-9; discussion 69-70 | pmid=18235207 | doi=10.1159/000111049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18235207 }}</ref><br />
*Only rare cases have shown no benefit.<br />
*Revision surgery is controversial but proposed for patients with no improvement of hearing loss, facial nerve damage, or persistent vertigo.<br />
*Most common cause of [[stapedectomy]] failure is [[prosthesis]] displacement with or without [[incus]] erosion.<br />
*Revision surgery is also recommended post surgery for patients with footplate fixation, [[perilymph fistula]], otosclerotic regrowth.<br />
*Post surgery, some are still encouraged to use a [[hearing aid]].<br />
<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
Otosclerosis cannot be prevented but early detection of the disease can help in combating the disease better.<br />
<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
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Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Otosclerosis&diff=1695460
Otosclerosis
2021-03-25T17:37:29Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Medical Therapy */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CSN}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}} <br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is an osseous dyscrasia of the otic capsule, which should be an endochondral dense bony part in the labyrinth, replaced by irregularly laid spongy bone leading to the fixation of stapes. It is one of the most common causes of conductive deafness with normal tympanic membranes. Thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window Though majority of cases are observed at the oval window, otosclerosis can also affect the round window, cochlear apex, posterior to the oval window, posterior and anterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC), cochlear aqueduct, semicircular canals, and within the stapes footplate. It can be asymptomatic or in advanced cases extend into the bony labyrinth and affect cochlea which causes mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss depending on the position of foci. Otosclerosis is common in Caucasians and predominantly women. Hormonal fluctuations in women like during pregnancy and menopause may aggravate the disease. Many genetic factors contribute to the development of otosclerosis. And it is an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Measles was found to be one of the reasons for otosclerosis. Other factors include inflammatory cytokine and cytotoxic mediators secondary to inflammation. (CT) scanning of the temporal bone can often demonstrate foci of demineralization in the otic capsule in cases of cochlear otosclerosis. The treatment for hearing loss is essentially stapes surgery with successful improvement of 90%-95% in the first 5 years; decreases to 63% after 30years and rarely need revision surgery. Additionally, hearing aid and cochlear implants could be used along with surgery.<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
<br />
*1704:Antonio Maria Valsalva identified fixation of stapes as a cause of hearing loss.<ref name="pmid23336672">{{cite journal| author=Redfors YD, Hellgren J, Möller C| title=Hearing-aid use and benefit: a long-term follow-up in patients undergoing surgery for otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Audiol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 194-9 | pmid=23336672 | doi=10.3109/14992027.2012.754957 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23336672 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20456195">{{cite journal| author=Bajaj Y, Uppal S, Bhatti I, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 3: the surgical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-10 | pmid=20456195 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02047.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456195 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29502731">{{cite journal| author=McElveen JT, Kutz JW| title=Controversies in the Evaluation and Management of Otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 487-499 | pmid=29502731 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502731 }}</ref>.<br />
*1841:Toyn bee stated, "osseous ankylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis as one of the causes of deafness".<br />
*1876:Johannes Kessel described stapes surgery as the treatment.<br />
*1930-1950: Used Julius Lempert’s single-stage fenestration of stapes as treatment.<br />
*1956:John Shea modernized stapedectomy.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
;<nowiki>Based on Symons/fanning grading system otosclerosis can be classified into:</nowiki><ref name="pmid22935809">{{cite journal| author=Quesnel AM, Seton M, Merchant SN, Halpin C, McKenna MJ| title=Third-generation bisphosphonates for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 8 | pages= 1308-14 | pmid=22935809 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318268d1b3 | pmc=3442123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22935809 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*'''Grade 1''': Fenestral Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 2''': Cochlear Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2A''':Basal cochlear turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2B''':Middle/Apical turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2C''':Both Basal and Middle/apical Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 3''':Diffuse confluent cochlear involvement (with or without fenestral involvement)<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Embryology===<br />
'''Table explains the embryological process for the development of bony labyrinth'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gestational week<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Developmental process<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4th week<br />
|<br />
*Development of otic canal from mesenchyme of otic vesicle by forming an otic capsule around it<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8th week<br />
|<br />
*Initiation of the cartilaginous framework<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |16th week<br />
|<br />
*Endochondrial replacement of the cartilaginous framework.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*In certain cases, completion of the third stage of bone formation doesn't occur leading to cartilages between bony structures.<ref name="pmid20089010">{{cite journal| author=Uppal S, Bajaj Y, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 2: the medical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=20089010 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02046.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23921926">{{cite journal| author=Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK| title=The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e55-60 | pmid=23921926 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318298ac96 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23921926 }}</ref><br />
*During labyrinth bone formation, the anterior to the oval window is usually the last area to develop. This area is the most common site for otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*Accumulation of bone deposits because of increased bone remodeling which is bone resorption followed by bone deposition in the otic capsule result in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid16434632">{{cite journal| author=Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS| title=Does this patient have hearing impairment? | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-28 | pmid=16434632 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.4.416 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16434632 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17076020 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Oct;9(4):120] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17213129 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):116]</ref><br />
*Audiological findings are directly proportionate to the extent of bone remodeling.<ref name="pmid10205935">{{cite journal| author=Sellari-Franceschini S, Ravecca F, De Vito A, Berrettini S| title=[Progressive sensorineural hearing loss in cochlear otosclerosis]. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 1998 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 Suppl 59 | pages= 59-65 | pmid=10205935 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10205935 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21358194">{{cite journal| author=Ealy M, Smith RJH| title=Otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2011 | volume= 70 | issue= | pages= 122-129 | pmid=21358194 | doi=10.1159/000322488 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21358194 }}</ref><br />
*Bone remodeling happens in 3 phases:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Phase!! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Mechanism of action<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otospongiosis||Increase in both osteoclast activity and microvascularity<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Transitional phase||begins with deposits of spongy bone by osteoblasts in areas of previous bone reabsorption<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otosclerotic phase||characterized by spongy bone deposits developing into dense bone that narrows the microcirculation previously developed in the otospongiosis phase<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The lesions occur mostly in the anterior to the oval window by calcifying of annular ligament or by involving stapes footplate (80%).<br />
*While 30% of cases have the lesion at the round window,21% have it at peri cochlear region, and 19% at the anterior segment of the internal auditory canal.<br />
<br />
===Associated Conditions===<br />
Conditions associated with otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid21916215">{{cite journal| author=Thomas JP, Minovi A, Dazert S| title=Current aspects of etiology, diagnosis and therapy of otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-70 | pmid=21916215 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(11)70670-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21916215 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;*Pregnancy<br />
:There is no strong evidence why pregnancy worsens hearing loss in some patients with otosclerosis.However 33% women with otosclerosis are found to deteriorate in hearing after one pregnancy.<ref name="pmid16985478">{{cite journal| author=Vincent R, Sperling NM, Oates J, Jindal M| title=Surgical findings and long-term hearing results in 3,050 stapedotomies for primary otosclerosis: a prospective study with the otology-neurotology database. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 Suppl 2 | pages= S25-47 | pmid=16985478 | doi=10.1097/01.mao.0000235311.80066.df | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985478 }}</ref><br />
;*Measles<br />
:RNA of measles virus was detected at the footplate of stapes in otosclerotic patients , suggesting its role in causing it, while incidence has reduced significantly in vaccinated populations.<br />
<br />
*'''Trauma and Major surgeries''' also cause otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
;*Autoimmune<br />
:Though research on this is in the initial stages, inflammatory cytokine like TNF-alpha and cytotoxic mediators were found at the otosclerotic bone suggesting its role in the pathology.<ref name="pmid262764182">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Common causes of otosclerosis include:<br />
<br />
;Embryological Cause<br />
:*During the maturation of the otic capsule of the labyrinth, certain places skip the complete conversion to endochondral, leading to irregularly laid spongy bone. This most commonly is seen at fissula ante fenestram.<ref name="pmid26276418">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;Genetic Cause<br />
:*Studies have been conducted and found Type 1 collagen gene(COL1A1), a component essential for bone metabolism plays a role in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid168857482">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
:*TGF-beta 1(BMP 2 and BMP 4 gene and Angiotensin II (AGT M235T and ACE I/D genes) are also found associated with otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid15513522">{{cite journal| author=Imauchi Y, Lainé P, Sterkers O, Ferrary E, Bozorg Grayeli A| title=Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter activity in otosclerotic bone cell cultures and SaOS-2 cells. | journal=Acta Otolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 8 | pages= 890-5 | pmid=15513522 | doi=10.1080/00016480310017081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15513522 }}</ref><ref name="pmid262764184">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
:*Other genetic causes for otosclerosis include sex hormones, autoimmune reaction, human leucocyte antigen, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, parathyroid hormone, and expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptides receptors, and oxidative stress<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Otosclerosis from other Diseases==<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*Though a variable pattern of inheritance is observed, 60% of patients report a family with a history of otosclerosis. Thus researchers conclude this condition as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.<br />
*Greater preponderance in women compared to men in a ratio of 2:1.<br />
*Even though the disease begins in the second and third decade of life, it doesn't result in hearing loss until the fourth decade.<br />
*Clinical prevalence of otosclerosis is found to be higher in Caucasians by 0.04%-1% while the histological incidence of otosclerosis increases to 10% in the same..The incidence of histological otosclerosis is 1% and 5% in African and Asian population respectively.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
Common risk factors in the development of otosclerosis include<ref name="pmid17245017">{{cite journal| author=Declau F, Spaendonck MV, Timmermans JP, Michaels L, Liang J, Qiu JP | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of histologic otosclerosis: an unbiased temporal bone study in Caucasians. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 6-16 | pmid=17245017 | doi=10.1159/000098663 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245017 }}</ref>. <br />
<br />
;*Genetic factor<br />
:Otosclerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance. When 60% of patients were found with family history, 40-50% of patients have it with variable patterns of inheritance. But hearing loss in otosclerosis is found only with family history of the same.<ref name="pmid262764183">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
;*Hormonal conditions<br />
:Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause increase the occurrence of hearing loss in pre-existing otosclerosis.<br />
;*Measles<br />
:Persistent measles virus infection of stapes footplate results in activated osteoclast and inflammatory pathways by TNF-alpha mRNA. The protective function of osteoprotegerin at the otic capsule is inhibited by TNF-alpha and its action on RANK production<ref name="pmid16885748">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
Even though otosclerosis appears to be genetic deafness, early prevention can help in combating the disorder and its prevention.<ref name="pmid6074235">{{cite journal| author=Tato JM, Tato JM| title=Otosclerosis and races. | journal=Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | year= 1967 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 1018-25 | pmid=6074235 | doi=10.1177/000348946707600512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6074235 }}</ref><br />
<br />
#Systematic Impedance-audiometry screening: The purpose of this screening is to detect a possible diphasic impedance change (on-off effect) by eliciting stapedius reflex. It is done in school going-children and helps in the early detection of stapedial fixation.<br />
#Systematic Bone-conducted audiometry screening: It is done in young children with a family history of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
===Complications===<br />
Post-op complications of otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid3883726">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald DC| title=The aging ear. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1985 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 225-32 | pmid=3883726 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3883726 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Perilymph fistula: Progressive hearing loss, Tinnitus, or vertigo.<br />
*Taste disturbance<br />
*Facial nerve injury<br />
*Sensorineural hearing loss<br />
*Post stapedectomy granulomas<br />
*Vertigo<br />
<br />
===Prognosis===<br />
<br />
*Most of the patients find improvement in their hearing ability after the surgery.<ref name="pmid30540696">{{cite journal| author=Crompton M, Cadge BA, Ziff JL, Mowat AJ, Nash R, Lavy JA | display-authors=etal| title=The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2019 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-30 | pmid=30540696 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002047 | pmc=6314447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30540696 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32499972">{{cite journal| author=Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS| title=Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e7927 | pmid=32499972 | doi=10.7759/cureus.7927 | pmc=7265776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32499972 }}</ref><br />
*Only a few don't have any change post-surgery and rarely hearing loss worsens.<br />
*There have been cases where the prosthesis was found displaced from its original position, causing conductive hearing loss again in some patients.<br />
*The second surgery was observed to be less successful than the first.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
Patients present with the following:<ref name="pmid262764185">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20195188">{{cite journal| author=Makarem AO, Hoang TA, Lo WW, Linthicum FH, Fayad JN| title=Cavitating otosclerosis: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlations. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 381-4 | pmid=20195188 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181d275e8 | pmc=2880664 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20195188 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Most cases are asymptomatic and diagnosed as an incidental finding in temporal autopsies.<br />
*Bilateral(80%) or unilateral involvement earlier in the disease.<br />
*Progressive hearing loss, which might worsen with lower tone and frequencies like male voices and vowels.<br />
*vertigo(10%)<br />
*tinnitus (50%)<br />
*Schwartz sign or flamingos pink sign(not necessary for diagnosis): redness along the promontory of tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
===='''<u>Tuning fork</u>'''====<br />
<br />
*Pros of using a tuning fork for diagnosis:<ref name="pmid29502722">{{cite journal| author=Nazarian R, McElveen JT, Eshraghi AA| title=History of Otosclerosis and Stapes Surgery. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 275-290 | pmid=29502722 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502722 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18652164">{{cite journal| author=Wielgosz R, Mroczkowski E| title=[History of endaural surgery]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 348-50 | pmid=18652164 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70269-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18652164 }}</ref><br />
**Negative Rinne test<br />
**Weber test lateralizes to the ear with severe conductive loss.<br />
*Cons of using tuning fork for diagnosis<br />
**Rinne test cannot differentiate between sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing loss.<br />
**Weber test's inability to differentiate a bilateral hearing loss.<br />
<br />
===Audiometry and tympanometry===<br />
<br />
*Carhart's notch: Bone conduction depression in threshold at 2000Hz. After stapedectomy carhart's notch disappears.<ref name="pmid9760779">{{cite journal| author=Pietruski J| title=[Juliusz Lempert (1890-1959): the author of the fenestration technique]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 1998 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 341-6 | pmid=9760779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9760779 }}</ref><br />
*Tympanometry normal at early disease. In severe cases, flattening and stiffening of curve representing low compliance of ossicular chain and tympanic membrane. Good test to differentiate between otosclerosis and pathologies with low resonance.<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
There are no ECG findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===X-ray===<br />
There are no x-ray findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===CT scan===<br />
<br />
*High resolution computed tomography (CT) of the [[Temporal bone|temporal bones]] is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid29397948">{{cite journal| author=Cheng HCS, Agrawal SK, Parnes LS| title=Stapedectomy Versus Stapedotomy. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 375-392 | pmid=29397948 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29397948 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19321627">{{cite journal| author=Lee TC, Aviv RI, Chen JM, Nedzelski JM, Fox AJ, Symons SP| title=CT grading of otosclerosis. | journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 1435-9 | pmid=19321627 | doi=10.3174/ajnr.A1558 | pmc=7051554 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19321627 }}</ref><br />
*However, preoperative CT has little to add in establishing otosclerosis diagnosis and may not even be necessary to confirm diagnosis.<br />
*CT is recommended to be reserved for those patients with presumed additional abnormalities, for specific preoperative planning, or for legal necessity.<br />
*Common CT findings diagnostic of otosclerosis include increased bony radiolucency in the [[Otic pit|otic capsule]] around the anterior footplate, thickening of the [[stapes]], and widening of the [[oval window]].<br />
*Early sign on CT: halo sign; demineralized area outlining the cochlea.<br />
<br />
===MRI===<br />
There are no MRI findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
There are no other imaging findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid17245019">{{cite journal| author=Arnold W| title=Some remarks on the histopathology of otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 25-30 | pmid=17245019 | doi=10.1159/000098665 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245019 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24170657">{{cite journal| author=Bittermann AJ, Wegner I, Noordman BJ, Vincent R, van der Heijden GJ, Grolman W| title=An introduction of genetics in otosclerosis: a systematic review. | journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 150 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-9 | pmid=24170657 | doi=10.1177/0194599813509951 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24170657 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11170898">{{cite journal| author=Van Den Bogaert K, Govaerts PJ, Schatteman I, Brown MR, Caethoven G, Offeciers FE | display-authors=etal| title=A second gene for otosclerosis, OTSC2, maps to chromosome 7q34-36. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 2001 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= 495-500 | pmid=11170898 | doi=10.1086/318185 | pmc=1235283 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170898 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17213839">{{cite journal| author=Thys M, Van Den Bogaert K, Iliadou V, Vanderstraeten K, Dieltjens N, Schrauwen I | display-authors=etal| title=A seventh locus for otosclerosis, OTSC7, maps to chromosome 6q13-16.1. | journal=Eur J Hum Genet | year= 2007 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-8 | pmid=17213839 | doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201761 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17213839 }}</ref><ref name="pmid168857483">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
<br />
*[[Sodium fluoride]]: Though controversial, it is used to slow the progression of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid11240433">{{cite journal| author=Ben Arab S, Besbes G, Hachicha S| title=[Otosclerosis in populations living in northern Tunisia: epidemiology and etiology]. | journal=Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac | year= 2001 | volume= 118 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-25 | pmid=11240433 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11240433 }}</ref><br />
*[[Bisphosphonates]]: By inducing osteoclastic [[apoptosis]], [[bisphosphonates]] cause antiresorptive action, with promising results.<br />
<br />
===Surgery===<br />
<br />
*Stapedotomy or [[Stapedectomy]] along with placement of a [[prosthesis]], has shown a good prognosis with improved hearing ability.<ref name="pmid14172803">{{cite journal| author=JOSEPH RB, FRAZER JP| title=OTOSCLEROSIS INCIDENCE IN CAUCASIANS AND JAPANESE. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol | year= 1964 | volume= 80 | issue= | pages= 256-62 | pmid=14172803 | doi=10.1001/archotol.1964.00750040266004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14172803 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6883784">{{cite journal| author=Gristwood RE, Venables WN| title=Pregnancy and otosclerosis. | journal=Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci | year= 1983 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 205-10 | pmid=6883784 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2273.1983.tb01428.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6883784 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18235207">{{cite journal| author=Niedermeyer HP, Arnold W| title=Otosclerosis and measles virus - association or causation? | journal=ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 63-9; discussion 69-70 | pmid=18235207 | doi=10.1159/000111049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18235207 }}</ref><br />
*Only rare cases have shown no benefit.<br />
*Revision surgery is controversial but proposed for patients with no improvement of hearing loss, facial nerve damage, or persistent vertigo.<br />
*Most common cause of [[stapedectomy]] failure is [[prosthesis]] displacement with or without [[incus]] erosion.<br />
*Revision surgery is also recommended post surgery for patients with footplate fixation, [[perilymph fistula]], otosclerotic regrowth.<br />
*Post surgery, some are still encouraged to use a [[hearing aid]].<br />
<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
Otosclerosis cannot be prevented but early detection of the disease can help in combating the disease better.<br />
<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
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Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Otosclerosis&diff=1695459
Otosclerosis
2021-03-25T17:35:02Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Primary Prevention */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CSN}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}} <br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is an osseous dyscrasia of the otic capsule, which should be an endochondral dense bony part in the labyrinth, replaced by irregularly laid spongy bone leading to the fixation of stapes. It is one of the most common causes of conductive deafness with normal tympanic membranes. Thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window Though majority of cases are observed at the oval window, otosclerosis can also affect the round window, cochlear apex, posterior to the oval window, posterior and anterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC), cochlear aqueduct, semicircular canals, and within the stapes footplate. It can be asymptomatic or in advanced cases extend into the bony labyrinth and affect cochlea which causes mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss depending on the position of foci. Otosclerosis is common in Caucasians and predominantly women. Hormonal fluctuations in women like during pregnancy and menopause may aggravate the disease. Many genetic factors contribute to the development of otosclerosis. And it is an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Measles was found to be one of the reasons for otosclerosis. Other factors include inflammatory cytokine and cytotoxic mediators secondary to inflammation. (CT) scanning of the temporal bone can often demonstrate foci of demineralization in the otic capsule in cases of cochlear otosclerosis. The treatment for hearing loss is essentially stapes surgery with successful improvement of 90%-95% in the first 5 years; decreases to 63% after 30years and rarely need revision surgery. Additionally, hearing aid and cochlear implants could be used along with surgery.<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
<br />
*1704:Antonio Maria Valsalva identified fixation of stapes as a cause of hearing loss.<ref name="pmid23336672">{{cite journal| author=Redfors YD, Hellgren J, Möller C| title=Hearing-aid use and benefit: a long-term follow-up in patients undergoing surgery for otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Audiol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 194-9 | pmid=23336672 | doi=10.3109/14992027.2012.754957 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23336672 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20456195">{{cite journal| author=Bajaj Y, Uppal S, Bhatti I, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 3: the surgical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-10 | pmid=20456195 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02047.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456195 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29502731">{{cite journal| author=McElveen JT, Kutz JW| title=Controversies in the Evaluation and Management of Otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 487-499 | pmid=29502731 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502731 }}</ref>.<br />
*1841:Toyn bee stated, "osseous ankylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis as one of the causes of deafness".<br />
*1876:Johannes Kessel described stapes surgery as the treatment.<br />
*1930-1950: Used Julius Lempert’s single-stage fenestration of stapes as treatment.<br />
*1956:John Shea modernized stapedectomy.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
;<nowiki>Based on Symons/fanning grading system otosclerosis can be classified into:</nowiki><ref name="pmid22935809">{{cite journal| author=Quesnel AM, Seton M, Merchant SN, Halpin C, McKenna MJ| title=Third-generation bisphosphonates for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 8 | pages= 1308-14 | pmid=22935809 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318268d1b3 | pmc=3442123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22935809 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*'''Grade 1''': Fenestral Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 2''': Cochlear Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2A''':Basal cochlear turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2B''':Middle/Apical turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2C''':Both Basal and Middle/apical Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 3''':Diffuse confluent cochlear involvement (with or without fenestral involvement)<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Embryology===<br />
'''Table explains the embryological process for the development of bony labyrinth'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gestational week<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Developmental process<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4th week<br />
|<br />
*Development of otic canal from mesenchyme of otic vesicle by forming an otic capsule around it<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8th week<br />
|<br />
*Initiation of the cartilaginous framework<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |16th week<br />
|<br />
*Endochondrial replacement of the cartilaginous framework.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*In certain cases, completion of the third stage of bone formation doesn't occur leading to cartilages between bony structures.<ref name="pmid20089010">{{cite journal| author=Uppal S, Bajaj Y, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 2: the medical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=20089010 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02046.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23921926">{{cite journal| author=Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK| title=The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e55-60 | pmid=23921926 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318298ac96 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23921926 }}</ref><br />
*During labyrinth bone formation, the anterior to the oval window is usually the last area to develop. This area is the most common site for otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*Accumulation of bone deposits because of increased bone remodeling which is bone resorption followed by bone deposition in the otic capsule result in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid16434632">{{cite journal| author=Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS| title=Does this patient have hearing impairment? | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-28 | pmid=16434632 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.4.416 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16434632 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17076020 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Oct;9(4):120] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17213129 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):116]</ref><br />
*Audiological findings are directly proportionate to the extent of bone remodeling.<ref name="pmid10205935">{{cite journal| author=Sellari-Franceschini S, Ravecca F, De Vito A, Berrettini S| title=[Progressive sensorineural hearing loss in cochlear otosclerosis]. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 1998 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 Suppl 59 | pages= 59-65 | pmid=10205935 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10205935 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21358194">{{cite journal| author=Ealy M, Smith RJH| title=Otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2011 | volume= 70 | issue= | pages= 122-129 | pmid=21358194 | doi=10.1159/000322488 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21358194 }}</ref><br />
*Bone remodeling happens in 3 phases:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Phase!! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Mechanism of action<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otospongiosis||Increase in both osteoclast activity and microvascularity<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Transitional phase||begins with deposits of spongy bone by osteoblasts in areas of previous bone reabsorption<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otosclerotic phase||characterized by spongy bone deposits developing into dense bone that narrows the microcirculation previously developed in the otospongiosis phase<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The lesions occur mostly in the anterior to the oval window by calcifying of annular ligament or by involving stapes footplate (80%).<br />
*While 30% of cases have the lesion at the round window,21% have it at peri cochlear region, and 19% at the anterior segment of the internal auditory canal.<br />
<br />
===Associated Conditions===<br />
Conditions associated with otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid21916215">{{cite journal| author=Thomas JP, Minovi A, Dazert S| title=Current aspects of etiology, diagnosis and therapy of otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-70 | pmid=21916215 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(11)70670-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21916215 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;*Pregnancy<br />
:There is no strong evidence why pregnancy worsens hearing loss in some patients with otosclerosis.However 33% women with otosclerosis are found to deteriorate in hearing after one pregnancy.<ref name="pmid16985478">{{cite journal| author=Vincent R, Sperling NM, Oates J, Jindal M| title=Surgical findings and long-term hearing results in 3,050 stapedotomies for primary otosclerosis: a prospective study with the otology-neurotology database. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 Suppl 2 | pages= S25-47 | pmid=16985478 | doi=10.1097/01.mao.0000235311.80066.df | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985478 }}</ref><br />
;*Measles<br />
:RNA of measles virus was detected at the footplate of stapes in otosclerotic patients , suggesting its role in causing it, while incidence has reduced significantly in vaccinated populations.<br />
<br />
*'''Trauma and Major surgeries''' also cause otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
;*Autoimmune<br />
:Though research on this is in the initial stages, inflammatory cytokine like TNF-alpha and cytotoxic mediators were found at the otosclerotic bone suggesting its role in the pathology.<ref name="pmid262764182">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Common causes of otosclerosis include:<br />
<br />
;Embryological Cause<br />
:*During the maturation of the otic capsule of the labyrinth, certain places skip the complete conversion to endochondral, leading to irregularly laid spongy bone. This most commonly is seen at fissula ante fenestram.<ref name="pmid26276418">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;Genetic Cause<br />
:*Studies have been conducted and found Type 1 collagen gene(COL1A1), a component essential for bone metabolism plays a role in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid168857482">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
:*TGF-beta 1(BMP 2 and BMP 4 gene and Angiotensin II (AGT M235T and ACE I/D genes) are also found associated with otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid15513522">{{cite journal| author=Imauchi Y, Lainé P, Sterkers O, Ferrary E, Bozorg Grayeli A| title=Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter activity in otosclerotic bone cell cultures and SaOS-2 cells. | journal=Acta Otolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 8 | pages= 890-5 | pmid=15513522 | doi=10.1080/00016480310017081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15513522 }}</ref><ref name="pmid262764184">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
:*Other genetic causes for otosclerosis include sex hormones, autoimmune reaction, human leucocyte antigen, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, parathyroid hormone, and expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptides receptors, and oxidative stress<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Otosclerosis from other Diseases==<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*Though a variable pattern of inheritance is observed, 60% of patients report a family with a history of otosclerosis. Thus researchers conclude this condition as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.<br />
*Greater preponderance in women compared to men in a ratio of 2:1.<br />
*Even though the disease begins in the second and third decade of life, it doesn't result in hearing loss until the fourth decade.<br />
*Clinical prevalence of otosclerosis is found to be higher in Caucasians by 0.04%-1% while the histological incidence of otosclerosis increases to 10% in the same..The incidence of histological otosclerosis is 1% and 5% in African and Asian population respectively.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
Common risk factors in the development of otosclerosis include<ref name="pmid17245017">{{cite journal| author=Declau F, Spaendonck MV, Timmermans JP, Michaels L, Liang J, Qiu JP | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of histologic otosclerosis: an unbiased temporal bone study in Caucasians. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 6-16 | pmid=17245017 | doi=10.1159/000098663 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245017 }}</ref>. <br />
<br />
;*Genetic factor<br />
:Otosclerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance. When 60% of patients were found with family history, 40-50% of patients have it with variable patterns of inheritance. But hearing loss in otosclerosis is found only with family history of the same.<ref name="pmid262764183">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
;*Hormonal conditions<br />
:Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause increase the occurrence of hearing loss in pre-existing otosclerosis.<br />
;*Measles<br />
:Persistent measles virus infection of stapes footplate results in activated osteoclast and inflammatory pathways by TNF-alpha mRNA. The protective function of osteoprotegerin at the otic capsule is inhibited by TNF-alpha and its action on RANK production<ref name="pmid16885748">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
Even though otosclerosis appears to be genetic deafness, early prevention can help in combating the disorder and its prevention.<ref name="pmid6074235">{{cite journal| author=Tato JM, Tato JM| title=Otosclerosis and races. | journal=Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | year= 1967 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 1018-25 | pmid=6074235 | doi=10.1177/000348946707600512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6074235 }}</ref><br />
<br />
#Systematic Impedance-audiometry screening: The purpose of this screening is to detect a possible diphasic impedance change (on-off effect) by eliciting stapedius reflex. It is done in school going-children and helps in the early detection of stapedial fixation.<br />
#Systematic Bone-conducted audiometry screening: It is done in young children with a family history of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
===Complications===<br />
Post-op complications of otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid3883726">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald DC| title=The aging ear. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1985 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 225-32 | pmid=3883726 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3883726 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Perilymph fistula: Progressive hearing loss, Tinnitus, or vertigo.<br />
*Taste disturbance<br />
*Facial nerve injury<br />
*Sensorineural hearing loss<br />
*Post stapedectomy granulomas<br />
*Vertigo<br />
<br />
===Prognosis===<br />
<br />
*Most of the patients find improvement in their hearing ability after the surgery.<ref name="pmid30540696">{{cite journal| author=Crompton M, Cadge BA, Ziff JL, Mowat AJ, Nash R, Lavy JA | display-authors=etal| title=The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2019 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-30 | pmid=30540696 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002047 | pmc=6314447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30540696 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32499972">{{cite journal| author=Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS| title=Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e7927 | pmid=32499972 | doi=10.7759/cureus.7927 | pmc=7265776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32499972 }}</ref><br />
*Only a few don't have any change post-surgery and rarely hearing loss worsens.<br />
*There have been cases where the prosthesis was found displaced from its original position, causing conductive hearing loss again in some patients.<br />
*The second surgery was observed to be less successful than the first.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
Patients present with the following:<ref name="pmid262764185">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20195188">{{cite journal| author=Makarem AO, Hoang TA, Lo WW, Linthicum FH, Fayad JN| title=Cavitating otosclerosis: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlations. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 381-4 | pmid=20195188 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181d275e8 | pmc=2880664 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20195188 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Most cases are asymptomatic and diagnosed as an incidental finding in temporal autopsies.<br />
*Bilateral(80%) or unilateral involvement earlier in the disease.<br />
*Progressive hearing loss, which might worsen with lower tone and frequencies like male voices and vowels.<br />
*vertigo(10%)<br />
*tinnitus (50%)<br />
*Schwartz sign or flamingos pink sign(not necessary for diagnosis): redness along the promontory of tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
===='''<u>Tuning fork</u>'''====<br />
<br />
*Pros of using a tuning fork for diagnosis:<ref name="pmid29502722">{{cite journal| author=Nazarian R, McElveen JT, Eshraghi AA| title=History of Otosclerosis and Stapes Surgery. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 275-290 | pmid=29502722 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502722 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18652164">{{cite journal| author=Wielgosz R, Mroczkowski E| title=[History of endaural surgery]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 348-50 | pmid=18652164 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70269-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18652164 }}</ref><br />
**Negative Rinne test<br />
**Weber test lateralizes to the ear with severe conductive loss.<br />
*Cons of using tuning fork for diagnosis<br />
**Rinne test cannot differentiate between sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing loss.<br />
**Weber test's inability to differentiate a bilateral hearing loss.<br />
<br />
===Audiometry and tympanometry===<br />
<br />
*Carhart's notch: Bone conduction depression in threshold at 2000Hz. After stapedectomy carhart's notch disappears.<ref name="pmid9760779">{{cite journal| author=Pietruski J| title=[Juliusz Lempert (1890-1959): the author of the fenestration technique]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 1998 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 341-6 | pmid=9760779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9760779 }}</ref><br />
*Tympanometry normal at early disease. In severe cases, flattening and stiffening of curve representing low compliance of ossicular chain and tympanic membrane. Good test to differentiate between otosclerosis and pathologies with low resonance.<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
There are no ECG findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===X-ray===<br />
There are no x-ray findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===CT scan===<br />
<br />
*High resolution computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bones is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid29397948">{{cite journal| author=Cheng HCS, Agrawal SK, Parnes LS| title=Stapedectomy Versus Stapedotomy. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 375-392 | pmid=29397948 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29397948 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19321627">{{cite journal| author=Lee TC, Aviv RI, Chen JM, Nedzelski JM, Fox AJ, Symons SP| title=CT grading of otosclerosis. | journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 1435-9 | pmid=19321627 | doi=10.3174/ajnr.A1558 | pmc=7051554 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19321627 }}</ref><br />
*However, preoperative CT has little to add in establishing otosclerosis diagnosis and may not even be necessary to confirm diagnosis.<br />
*CT is recommended to be reserved for those patients with presumed additional abnormalities, for specific preoperative planning, or for legal necessity.<br />
*CT Finding: ''increased bony radiolucency in the otic capsule around the anterior footplate, thickening of the stapes, and widening of the oval window''.<br />
*Early sign on CT: halo sign; demineralized area outlining the cochlea.<br />
<br />
===MRI===<br />
There are no MRI findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
There are no other imaging findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid17245019">{{cite journal| author=Arnold W| title=Some remarks on the histopathology of otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 25-30 | pmid=17245019 | doi=10.1159/000098665 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245019 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24170657">{{cite journal| author=Bittermann AJ, Wegner I, Noordman BJ, Vincent R, van der Heijden GJ, Grolman W| title=An introduction of genetics in otosclerosis: a systematic review. | journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 150 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-9 | pmid=24170657 | doi=10.1177/0194599813509951 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24170657 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11170898">{{cite journal| author=Van Den Bogaert K, Govaerts PJ, Schatteman I, Brown MR, Caethoven G, Offeciers FE | display-authors=etal| title=A second gene for otosclerosis, OTSC2, maps to chromosome 7q34-36. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 2001 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= 495-500 | pmid=11170898 | doi=10.1086/318185 | pmc=1235283 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170898 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17213839">{{cite journal| author=Thys M, Van Den Bogaert K, Iliadou V, Vanderstraeten K, Dieltjens N, Schrauwen I | display-authors=etal| title=A seventh locus for otosclerosis, OTSC7, maps to chromosome 6q13-16.1. | journal=Eur J Hum Genet | year= 2007 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-8 | pmid=17213839 | doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201761 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17213839 }}</ref><ref name="pmid168857483">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
<br />
*[[Sodium fluoride]]: Though controversial, it is used to slow the progression of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid11240433">{{cite journal| author=Ben Arab S, Besbes G, Hachicha S| title=[Otosclerosis in populations living in northern Tunisia: epidemiology and etiology]. | journal=Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac | year= 2001 | volume= 118 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-25 | pmid=11240433 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11240433 }}</ref><br />
*[[Bisphosphonates]]: By inducing osteoclastic apoptosis, bisphosphonates cause antiresorptive action, with promising results.<br />
<br />
===Surgery===<br />
<br />
*Stapedotomy or [[Stapedectomy]] along with placement of a [[prosthesis]], has shown a good prognosis with improved hearing ability.<ref name="pmid14172803">{{cite journal| author=JOSEPH RB, FRAZER JP| title=OTOSCLEROSIS INCIDENCE IN CAUCASIANS AND JAPANESE. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol | year= 1964 | volume= 80 | issue= | pages= 256-62 | pmid=14172803 | doi=10.1001/archotol.1964.00750040266004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14172803 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6883784">{{cite journal| author=Gristwood RE, Venables WN| title=Pregnancy and otosclerosis. | journal=Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci | year= 1983 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 205-10 | pmid=6883784 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2273.1983.tb01428.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6883784 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18235207">{{cite journal| author=Niedermeyer HP, Arnold W| title=Otosclerosis and measles virus - association or causation? | journal=ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 63-9; discussion 69-70 | pmid=18235207 | doi=10.1159/000111049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18235207 }}</ref><br />
*Only rare cases have shown no benefit.<br />
*Revision surgery is controversial but proposed for patients with no improvement of hearing loss, facial nerve damage, or persistent vertigo.<br />
*Most common cause of [[stapedectomy]] failure is [[prosthesis]] displacement with or without [[incus]] erosion.<br />
*Revision surgery is also recommended post surgery for patients with footplate fixation, [[perilymph fistula]], otosclerotic regrowth.<br />
*Post surgery, some are still encouraged to use a [[hearing aid]].<br />
<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
Otosclerosis cannot be prevented but early detection of the disease can help in combating the disease better.<br />
<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
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Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Otosclerosis&diff=1695458
Otosclerosis
2021-03-25T17:33:49Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Treatment */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CSN}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}} <br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is an osseous dyscrasia of the otic capsule, which should be an endochondral dense bony part in the labyrinth, replaced by irregularly laid spongy bone leading to the fixation of stapes. It is one of the most common causes of conductive deafness with normal tympanic membranes. Thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window Though majority of cases are observed at the oval window, otosclerosis can also affect the round window, cochlear apex, posterior to the oval window, posterior and anterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC), cochlear aqueduct, semicircular canals, and within the stapes footplate. It can be asymptomatic or in advanced cases extend into the bony labyrinth and affect cochlea which causes mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss depending on the position of foci. Otosclerosis is common in Caucasians and predominantly women. Hormonal fluctuations in women like during pregnancy and menopause may aggravate the disease. Many genetic factors contribute to the development of otosclerosis. And it is an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Measles was found to be one of the reasons for otosclerosis. Other factors include inflammatory cytokine and cytotoxic mediators secondary to inflammation. (CT) scanning of the temporal bone can often demonstrate foci of demineralization in the otic capsule in cases of cochlear otosclerosis. The treatment for hearing loss is essentially stapes surgery with successful improvement of 90%-95% in the first 5 years; decreases to 63% after 30years and rarely need revision surgery. Additionally, hearing aid and cochlear implants could be used along with surgery.<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
<br />
*1704:Antonio Maria Valsalva identified fixation of stapes as a cause of hearing loss.<ref name="pmid23336672">{{cite journal| author=Redfors YD, Hellgren J, Möller C| title=Hearing-aid use and benefit: a long-term follow-up in patients undergoing surgery for otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Audiol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 194-9 | pmid=23336672 | doi=10.3109/14992027.2012.754957 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23336672 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20456195">{{cite journal| author=Bajaj Y, Uppal S, Bhatti I, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 3: the surgical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-10 | pmid=20456195 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02047.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456195 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29502731">{{cite journal| author=McElveen JT, Kutz JW| title=Controversies in the Evaluation and Management of Otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 487-499 | pmid=29502731 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502731 }}</ref>.<br />
*1841:Toyn bee stated, "osseous ankylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis as one of the causes of deafness".<br />
*1876:Johannes Kessel described stapes surgery as the treatment.<br />
*1930-1950: Used Julius Lempert’s single-stage fenestration of stapes as treatment.<br />
*1956:John Shea modernized stapedectomy.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
;<nowiki>Based on Symons/fanning grading system otosclerosis can be classified into:</nowiki><ref name="pmid22935809">{{cite journal| author=Quesnel AM, Seton M, Merchant SN, Halpin C, McKenna MJ| title=Third-generation bisphosphonates for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 8 | pages= 1308-14 | pmid=22935809 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318268d1b3 | pmc=3442123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22935809 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*'''Grade 1''': Fenestral Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 2''': Cochlear Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2A''':Basal cochlear turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2B''':Middle/Apical turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2C''':Both Basal and Middle/apical Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 3''':Diffuse confluent cochlear involvement (with or without fenestral involvement)<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Embryology===<br />
'''Table explains the embryological process for the development of bony labyrinth'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gestational week<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Developmental process<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4th week<br />
|<br />
*Development of otic canal from mesenchyme of otic vesicle by forming an otic capsule around it<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8th week<br />
|<br />
*Initiation of the cartilaginous framework<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |16th week<br />
|<br />
*Endochondrial replacement of the cartilaginous framework.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*In certain cases, completion of the third stage of bone formation doesn't occur leading to cartilages between bony structures.<ref name="pmid20089010">{{cite journal| author=Uppal S, Bajaj Y, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 2: the medical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=20089010 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02046.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23921926">{{cite journal| author=Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK| title=The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e55-60 | pmid=23921926 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318298ac96 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23921926 }}</ref><br />
*During labyrinth bone formation, the anterior to the oval window is usually the last area to develop. This area is the most common site for otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*Accumulation of bone deposits because of increased bone remodeling which is bone resorption followed by bone deposition in the otic capsule result in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid16434632">{{cite journal| author=Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS| title=Does this patient have hearing impairment? | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-28 | pmid=16434632 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.4.416 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16434632 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17076020 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Oct;9(4):120] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17213129 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):116]</ref><br />
*Audiological findings are directly proportionate to the extent of bone remodeling.<ref name="pmid10205935">{{cite journal| author=Sellari-Franceschini S, Ravecca F, De Vito A, Berrettini S| title=[Progressive sensorineural hearing loss in cochlear otosclerosis]. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 1998 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 Suppl 59 | pages= 59-65 | pmid=10205935 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10205935 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21358194">{{cite journal| author=Ealy M, Smith RJH| title=Otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2011 | volume= 70 | issue= | pages= 122-129 | pmid=21358194 | doi=10.1159/000322488 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21358194 }}</ref><br />
*Bone remodeling happens in 3 phases:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Phase!! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Mechanism of action<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otospongiosis||Increase in both osteoclast activity and microvascularity<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Transitional phase||begins with deposits of spongy bone by osteoblasts in areas of previous bone reabsorption<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otosclerotic phase||characterized by spongy bone deposits developing into dense bone that narrows the microcirculation previously developed in the otospongiosis phase<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The lesions occur mostly in the anterior to the oval window by calcifying of annular ligament or by involving stapes footplate (80%).<br />
*While 30% of cases have the lesion at the round window,21% have it at peri cochlear region, and 19% at the anterior segment of the internal auditory canal.<br />
<br />
===Associated Conditions===<br />
Conditions associated with otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid21916215">{{cite journal| author=Thomas JP, Minovi A, Dazert S| title=Current aspects of etiology, diagnosis and therapy of otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-70 | pmid=21916215 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(11)70670-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21916215 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;*Pregnancy<br />
:There is no strong evidence why pregnancy worsens hearing loss in some patients with otosclerosis.However 33% women with otosclerosis are found to deteriorate in hearing after one pregnancy.<ref name="pmid16985478">{{cite journal| author=Vincent R, Sperling NM, Oates J, Jindal M| title=Surgical findings and long-term hearing results in 3,050 stapedotomies for primary otosclerosis: a prospective study with the otology-neurotology database. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 Suppl 2 | pages= S25-47 | pmid=16985478 | doi=10.1097/01.mao.0000235311.80066.df | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985478 }}</ref><br />
;*Measles<br />
:RNA of measles virus was detected at the footplate of stapes in otosclerotic patients , suggesting its role in causing it, while incidence has reduced significantly in vaccinated populations.<br />
<br />
*'''Trauma and Major surgeries''' also cause otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
;*Autoimmune<br />
:Though research on this is in the initial stages, inflammatory cytokine like TNF-alpha and cytotoxic mediators were found at the otosclerotic bone suggesting its role in the pathology.<ref name="pmid262764182">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Common causes of otosclerosis include:<br />
<br />
;Embryological Cause<br />
:*During the maturation of the otic capsule of the labyrinth, certain places skip the complete conversion to endochondral, leading to irregularly laid spongy bone. This most commonly is seen at fissula ante fenestram.<ref name="pmid26276418">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;Genetic Cause<br />
:*Studies have been conducted and found Type 1 collagen gene(COL1A1), a component essential for bone metabolism plays a role in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid168857482">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
:*TGF-beta 1(BMP 2 and BMP 4 gene and Angiotensin II (AGT M235T and ACE I/D genes) are also found associated with otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid15513522">{{cite journal| author=Imauchi Y, Lainé P, Sterkers O, Ferrary E, Bozorg Grayeli A| title=Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter activity in otosclerotic bone cell cultures and SaOS-2 cells. | journal=Acta Otolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 8 | pages= 890-5 | pmid=15513522 | doi=10.1080/00016480310017081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15513522 }}</ref><ref name="pmid262764184">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
:*Other genetic causes for otosclerosis include sex hormones, autoimmune reaction, human leucocyte antigen, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, parathyroid hormone, and expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptides receptors, and oxidative stress<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Otosclerosis from other Diseases==<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*Though a variable pattern of inheritance is observed, 60% of patients report a family with a history of otosclerosis. Thus researchers conclude this condition as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.<br />
*Greater preponderance in women compared to men in a ratio of 2:1.<br />
*Even though the disease begins in the second and third decade of life, it doesn't result in hearing loss until the fourth decade.<br />
*Clinical prevalence of otosclerosis is found to be higher in Caucasians by 0.04%-1% while the histological incidence of otosclerosis increases to 10% in the same..The incidence of histological otosclerosis is 1% and 5% in African and Asian population respectively.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
Common risk factors in the development of otosclerosis include<ref name="pmid17245017">{{cite journal| author=Declau F, Spaendonck MV, Timmermans JP, Michaels L, Liang J, Qiu JP | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of histologic otosclerosis: an unbiased temporal bone study in Caucasians. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 6-16 | pmid=17245017 | doi=10.1159/000098663 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245017 }}</ref>. <br />
<br />
;*Genetic factor<br />
:Otosclerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance. When 60% of patients were found with family history, 40-50% of patients have it with variable patterns of inheritance. But hearing loss in otosclerosis is found only with family history of the same.<ref name="pmid262764183">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
;*Hormonal conditions<br />
:Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause increase the occurrence of hearing loss in pre-existing otosclerosis.<br />
;*Measles<br />
:Persistent measles virus infection of stapes footplate results in activated osteoclast and inflammatory pathways by TNF-alpha mRNA. The protective function of osteoprotegerin at the otic capsule is inhibited by TNF-alpha and its action on RANK production<ref name="pmid16885748">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
Even though otosclerosis appears to be genetic deafness, early prevention can help in combating the disorder and its prevention.<ref name="pmid6074235">{{cite journal| author=Tato JM, Tato JM| title=Otosclerosis and races. | journal=Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | year= 1967 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 1018-25 | pmid=6074235 | doi=10.1177/000348946707600512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6074235 }}</ref><br />
<br />
#Systematic Impedance-audiometry screening: The purpose of this screening is to detect a possible diphasic impedance change (on-off effect) by eliciting stapedius reflex. It is done in school going-children and helps in the early detection of stapedial fixation.<br />
#Systematic Bone-conducted audiometry screening: It is done in young children with a family history of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
===Complications===<br />
Post-op complications of otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid3883726">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald DC| title=The aging ear. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1985 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 225-32 | pmid=3883726 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3883726 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Perilymph fistula: Progressive hearing loss, Tinnitus, or vertigo.<br />
*Taste disturbance<br />
*Facial nerve injury<br />
*Sensorineural hearing loss<br />
*Post stapedectomy granulomas<br />
*Vertigo<br />
<br />
===Prognosis===<br />
<br />
*Most of the patients find improvement in their hearing ability after the surgery.<ref name="pmid30540696">{{cite journal| author=Crompton M, Cadge BA, Ziff JL, Mowat AJ, Nash R, Lavy JA | display-authors=etal| title=The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2019 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-30 | pmid=30540696 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002047 | pmc=6314447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30540696 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32499972">{{cite journal| author=Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS| title=Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e7927 | pmid=32499972 | doi=10.7759/cureus.7927 | pmc=7265776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32499972 }}</ref><br />
*Only a few don't have any change post-surgery and rarely hearing loss worsens.<br />
*There have been cases where the prosthesis was found displaced from its original position, causing conductive hearing loss again in some patients.<br />
*The second surgery was observed to be less successful than the first.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
Patients present with the following:<ref name="pmid262764185">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20195188">{{cite journal| author=Makarem AO, Hoang TA, Lo WW, Linthicum FH, Fayad JN| title=Cavitating otosclerosis: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlations. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 381-4 | pmid=20195188 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181d275e8 | pmc=2880664 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20195188 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Most cases are asymptomatic and diagnosed as an incidental finding in temporal autopsies.<br />
*Bilateral(80%) or unilateral involvement earlier in the disease.<br />
*Progressive hearing loss, which might worsen with lower tone and frequencies like male voices and vowels.<br />
*vertigo(10%)<br />
*tinnitus (50%)<br />
*Schwartz sign or flamingos pink sign(not necessary for diagnosis): redness along the promontory of tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
===='''<u>Tuning fork</u>'''====<br />
<br />
*Pros of using a tuning fork for diagnosis:<ref name="pmid29502722">{{cite journal| author=Nazarian R, McElveen JT, Eshraghi AA| title=History of Otosclerosis and Stapes Surgery. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 275-290 | pmid=29502722 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502722 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18652164">{{cite journal| author=Wielgosz R, Mroczkowski E| title=[History of endaural surgery]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 348-50 | pmid=18652164 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70269-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18652164 }}</ref><br />
**Negative Rinne test<br />
**Weber test lateralizes to the ear with severe conductive loss.<br />
*Cons of using tuning fork for diagnosis<br />
**Rinne test cannot differentiate between sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing loss.<br />
**Weber test's inability to differentiate a bilateral hearing loss.<br />
<br />
===Audiometry and tympanometry===<br />
<br />
*Carhart's notch: Bone conduction depression in threshold at 2000Hz. After stapedectomy carhart's notch disappears.<ref name="pmid9760779">{{cite journal| author=Pietruski J| title=[Juliusz Lempert (1890-1959): the author of the fenestration technique]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 1998 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 341-6 | pmid=9760779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9760779 }}</ref><br />
*Tympanometry normal at early disease. In severe cases, flattening and stiffening of curve representing low compliance of ossicular chain and tympanic membrane. Good test to differentiate between otosclerosis and pathologies with low resonance.<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
There are no ECG findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===X-ray===<br />
There are no x-ray findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===CT scan===<br />
<br />
*High resolution computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bones is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid29397948">{{cite journal| author=Cheng HCS, Agrawal SK, Parnes LS| title=Stapedectomy Versus Stapedotomy. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 375-392 | pmid=29397948 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29397948 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19321627">{{cite journal| author=Lee TC, Aviv RI, Chen JM, Nedzelski JM, Fox AJ, Symons SP| title=CT grading of otosclerosis. | journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 1435-9 | pmid=19321627 | doi=10.3174/ajnr.A1558 | pmc=7051554 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19321627 }}</ref><br />
*However, preoperative CT has little to add in establishing otosclerosis diagnosis and may not even be necessary to confirm diagnosis.<br />
*CT is recommended to be reserved for those patients with presumed additional abnormalities, for specific preoperative planning, or for legal necessity.<br />
*CT Finding: ''increased bony radiolucency in the otic capsule around the anterior footplate, thickening of the stapes, and widening of the oval window''.<br />
*Early sign on CT: halo sign; demineralized area outlining the cochlea.<br />
<br />
===MRI===<br />
There are no MRI findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
There are no other imaging findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid17245019">{{cite journal| author=Arnold W| title=Some remarks on the histopathology of otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 25-30 | pmid=17245019 | doi=10.1159/000098665 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245019 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24170657">{{cite journal| author=Bittermann AJ, Wegner I, Noordman BJ, Vincent R, van der Heijden GJ, Grolman W| title=An introduction of genetics in otosclerosis: a systematic review. | journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 150 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-9 | pmid=24170657 | doi=10.1177/0194599813509951 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24170657 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11170898">{{cite journal| author=Van Den Bogaert K, Govaerts PJ, Schatteman I, Brown MR, Caethoven G, Offeciers FE | display-authors=etal| title=A second gene for otosclerosis, OTSC2, maps to chromosome 7q34-36. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 2001 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= 495-500 | pmid=11170898 | doi=10.1086/318185 | pmc=1235283 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11170898 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17213839">{{cite journal| author=Thys M, Van Den Bogaert K, Iliadou V, Vanderstraeten K, Dieltjens N, Schrauwen I | display-authors=etal| title=A seventh locus for otosclerosis, OTSC7, maps to chromosome 6q13-16.1. | journal=Eur J Hum Genet | year= 2007 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-8 | pmid=17213839 | doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201761 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17213839 }}</ref><ref name="pmid168857483">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
<br />
*[[Sodium fluoride]]: Though controversial, it is used to slow the progression of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid11240433">{{cite journal| author=Ben Arab S, Besbes G, Hachicha S| title=[Otosclerosis in populations living in northern Tunisia: epidemiology and etiology]. | journal=Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac | year= 2001 | volume= 118 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-25 | pmid=11240433 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11240433 }}</ref><br />
*[[Bisphosphonates]]: By inducing osteoclastic apoptosis, bisphosphonates cause antiresorptive action, with promising results.<br />
<br />
===Surgery===<br />
<br />
*Stapedotomy or Stapedectomy along with placement of a prosthesis, has shown a good prognosis with improved hearing ability.<ref name="pmid14172803">{{cite journal| author=JOSEPH RB, FRAZER JP| title=OTOSCLEROSIS INCIDENCE IN CAUCASIANS AND JAPANESE. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol | year= 1964 | volume= 80 | issue= | pages= 256-62 | pmid=14172803 | doi=10.1001/archotol.1964.00750040266004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14172803 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6883784">{{cite journal| author=Gristwood RE, Venables WN| title=Pregnancy and otosclerosis. | journal=Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci | year= 1983 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 205-10 | pmid=6883784 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2273.1983.tb01428.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6883784 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18235207">{{cite journal| author=Niedermeyer HP, Arnold W| title=Otosclerosis and measles virus - association or causation? | journal=ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec | year= 2008 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 63-9; discussion 69-70 | pmid=18235207 | doi=10.1159/000111049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18235207 }}</ref><br />
*Only rare cases have shown no benefit.<br />
*Revision surgery is controversial but proposed for patients with no improvement of hearing loss, facial nerve damage, or persistent vertigo.<br />
*Most common cause of stapedectomy failure is prosthesis displacement with or without incus erosion.<br />
*Revision surgery is also recommended post surgery for patients with footplate fixation, perilymph fistula, otosclerotic regrowth.<br />
*Post surgery, some are still encouraged to use a hearing aid..<br />
<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
Otosclerosis cannot be prevented but early detection of the disease can help in combating the disease better.<br />
<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
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Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Otosclerosis&diff=1695457
Otosclerosis
2021-03-25T17:29:35Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* CT scan */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CSN}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}} <br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is an osseous dyscrasia of the otic capsule, which should be an endochondral dense bony part in the labyrinth, replaced by irregularly laid spongy bone leading to the fixation of stapes. It is one of the most common causes of conductive deafness with normal tympanic membranes. Thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window Though majority of cases are observed at the oval window, otosclerosis can also affect the round window, cochlear apex, posterior to the oval window, posterior and anterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC), cochlear aqueduct, semicircular canals, and within the stapes footplate. It can be asymptomatic or in advanced cases extend into the bony labyrinth and affect cochlea which causes mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss depending on the position of foci. Otosclerosis is common in Caucasians and predominantly women. Hormonal fluctuations in women like during pregnancy and menopause may aggravate the disease. Many genetic factors contribute to the development of otosclerosis. And it is an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Measles was found to be one of the reasons for otosclerosis. Other factors include inflammatory cytokine and cytotoxic mediators secondary to inflammation. (CT) scanning of the temporal bone can often demonstrate foci of demineralization in the otic capsule in cases of cochlear otosclerosis. The treatment for hearing loss is essentially stapes surgery with successful improvement of 90%-95% in the first 5 years; decreases to 63% after 30years and rarely need revision surgery. Additionally, hearing aid and cochlear implants could be used along with surgery.<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
<br />
*1704:Antonio Maria Valsalva identified fixation of stapes as a cause of hearing loss.<ref name="pmid23336672">{{cite journal| author=Redfors YD, Hellgren J, Möller C| title=Hearing-aid use and benefit: a long-term follow-up in patients undergoing surgery for otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Audiol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 194-9 | pmid=23336672 | doi=10.3109/14992027.2012.754957 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23336672 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20456195">{{cite journal| author=Bajaj Y, Uppal S, Bhatti I, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 3: the surgical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-10 | pmid=20456195 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02047.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456195 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29502731">{{cite journal| author=McElveen JT, Kutz JW| title=Controversies in the Evaluation and Management of Otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 487-499 | pmid=29502731 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502731 }}</ref>.<br />
*1841:Toyn bee stated, "osseous ankylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis as one of the causes of deafness".<br />
*1876:Johannes Kessel described stapes surgery as the treatment.<br />
*1930-1950: Used Julius Lempert’s single-stage fenestration of stapes as treatment.<br />
*1956:John Shea modernized stapedectomy.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
;<nowiki>Based on Symons/fanning grading system otosclerosis can be classified into:</nowiki><ref name="pmid22935809">{{cite journal| author=Quesnel AM, Seton M, Merchant SN, Halpin C, McKenna MJ| title=Third-generation bisphosphonates for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 8 | pages= 1308-14 | pmid=22935809 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318268d1b3 | pmc=3442123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22935809 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*'''Grade 1''': Fenestral Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 2''': Cochlear Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2A''':Basal cochlear turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2B''':Middle/Apical turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2C''':Both Basal and Middle/apical Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 3''':Diffuse confluent cochlear involvement (with or without fenestral involvement)<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Embryology===<br />
'''Table explains the embryological process for the development of bony labyrinth'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gestational week<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Developmental process<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4th week<br />
|<br />
*Development of otic canal from mesenchyme of otic vesicle by forming an otic capsule around it<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8th week<br />
|<br />
*Initiation of the cartilaginous framework<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |16th week<br />
|<br />
*Endochondrial replacement of the cartilaginous framework.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*In certain cases, completion of the third stage of bone formation doesn't occur leading to cartilages between bony structures.<ref name="pmid20089010">{{cite journal| author=Uppal S, Bajaj Y, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 2: the medical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=20089010 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02046.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23921926">{{cite journal| author=Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK| title=The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e55-60 | pmid=23921926 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318298ac96 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23921926 }}</ref><br />
*During labyrinth bone formation, the anterior to the oval window is usually the last area to develop. This area is the most common site for otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*Accumulation of bone deposits because of increased bone remodeling which is bone resorption followed by bone deposition in the otic capsule result in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid16434632">{{cite journal| author=Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS| title=Does this patient have hearing impairment? | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-28 | pmid=16434632 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.4.416 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16434632 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17076020 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Oct;9(4):120] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17213129 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):116]</ref><br />
*Audiological findings are directly proportionate to the extent of bone remodeling.<ref name="pmid10205935">{{cite journal| author=Sellari-Franceschini S, Ravecca F, De Vito A, Berrettini S| title=[Progressive sensorineural hearing loss in cochlear otosclerosis]. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 1998 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 Suppl 59 | pages= 59-65 | pmid=10205935 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10205935 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21358194">{{cite journal| author=Ealy M, Smith RJH| title=Otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2011 | volume= 70 | issue= | pages= 122-129 | pmid=21358194 | doi=10.1159/000322488 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21358194 }}</ref><br />
*Bone remodeling happens in 3 phases:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Phase!! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Mechanism of action<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otospongiosis||Increase in both osteoclast activity and microvascularity<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Transitional phase||begins with deposits of spongy bone by osteoblasts in areas of previous bone reabsorption<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otosclerotic phase||characterized by spongy bone deposits developing into dense bone that narrows the microcirculation previously developed in the otospongiosis phase<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The lesions occur mostly in the anterior to the oval window by calcifying of annular ligament or by involving stapes footplate (80%).<br />
*While 30% of cases have the lesion at the round window,21% have it at peri cochlear region, and 19% at the anterior segment of the internal auditory canal.<br />
<br />
===Associated Conditions===<br />
Conditions associated with otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid21916215">{{cite journal| author=Thomas JP, Minovi A, Dazert S| title=Current aspects of etiology, diagnosis and therapy of otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-70 | pmid=21916215 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(11)70670-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21916215 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;*Pregnancy<br />
:There is no strong evidence why pregnancy worsens hearing loss in some patients with otosclerosis.However 33% women with otosclerosis are found to deteriorate in hearing after one pregnancy.<ref name="pmid16985478">{{cite journal| author=Vincent R, Sperling NM, Oates J, Jindal M| title=Surgical findings and long-term hearing results in 3,050 stapedotomies for primary otosclerosis: a prospective study with the otology-neurotology database. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 Suppl 2 | pages= S25-47 | pmid=16985478 | doi=10.1097/01.mao.0000235311.80066.df | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985478 }}</ref><br />
;*Measles<br />
:RNA of measles virus was detected at the footplate of stapes in otosclerotic patients , suggesting its role in causing it, while incidence has reduced significantly in vaccinated populations.<br />
<br />
*'''Trauma and Major surgeries''' also cause otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
;*Autoimmune<br />
:Though research on this is in the initial stages, inflammatory cytokine like TNF-alpha and cytotoxic mediators were found at the otosclerotic bone suggesting its role in the pathology.<ref name="pmid262764182">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Common causes of otosclerosis include:<br />
<br />
;Embryological Cause<br />
:*During the maturation of the otic capsule of the labyrinth, certain places skip the complete conversion to endochondral, leading to irregularly laid spongy bone. This most commonly is seen at fissula ante fenestram.<ref name="pmid26276418">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;Genetic Cause<br />
:*Studies have been conducted and found Type 1 collagen gene(COL1A1), a component essential for bone metabolism plays a role in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid168857482">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
:*TGF-beta 1(BMP 2 and BMP 4 gene and Angiotensin II (AGT M235T and ACE I/D genes) are also found associated with otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid15513522">{{cite journal| author=Imauchi Y, Lainé P, Sterkers O, Ferrary E, Bozorg Grayeli A| title=Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter activity in otosclerotic bone cell cultures and SaOS-2 cells. | journal=Acta Otolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 8 | pages= 890-5 | pmid=15513522 | doi=10.1080/00016480310017081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15513522 }}</ref><ref name="pmid262764184">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
:*Other genetic causes for otosclerosis include sex hormones, autoimmune reaction, human leucocyte antigen, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, parathyroid hormone, and expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptides receptors, and oxidative stress<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Otosclerosis from other Diseases==<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*Though a variable pattern of inheritance is observed, 60% of patients report a family with a history of otosclerosis. Thus researchers conclude this condition as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.<br />
*Greater preponderance in women compared to men in a ratio of 2:1.<br />
*Even though the disease begins in the second and third decade of life, it doesn't result in hearing loss until the fourth decade.<br />
*Clinical prevalence of otosclerosis is found to be higher in Caucasians by 0.04%-1% while the histological incidence of otosclerosis increases to 10% in the same..The incidence of histological otosclerosis is 1% and 5% in African and Asian population respectively.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
Common risk factors in the development of otosclerosis include<ref name="pmid17245017">{{cite journal| author=Declau F, Spaendonck MV, Timmermans JP, Michaels L, Liang J, Qiu JP | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of histologic otosclerosis: an unbiased temporal bone study in Caucasians. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 6-16 | pmid=17245017 | doi=10.1159/000098663 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245017 }}</ref>. <br />
<br />
;*Genetic factor<br />
:Otosclerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance. When 60% of patients were found with family history, 40-50% of patients have it with variable patterns of inheritance. But hearing loss in otosclerosis is found only with family history of the same.<ref name="pmid262764183">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
;*Hormonal conditions<br />
:Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause increase the occurrence of hearing loss in pre-existing otosclerosis.<br />
;*Measles<br />
:Persistent measles virus infection of stapes footplate results in activated osteoclast and inflammatory pathways by TNF-alpha mRNA. The protective function of osteoprotegerin at the otic capsule is inhibited by TNF-alpha and its action on RANK production<ref name="pmid16885748">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
Even though otosclerosis appears to be genetic deafness, early prevention can help in combating the disorder and its prevention.<ref name="pmid6074235">{{cite journal| author=Tato JM, Tato JM| title=Otosclerosis and races. | journal=Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | year= 1967 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 1018-25 | pmid=6074235 | doi=10.1177/000348946707600512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6074235 }}</ref><br />
<br />
#Systematic Impedance-audiometry screening: The purpose of this screening is to detect a possible diphasic impedance change (on-off effect) by eliciting stapedius reflex. It is done in school going-children and helps in the early detection of stapedial fixation.<br />
#Systematic Bone-conducted audiometry screening: It is done in young children with a family history of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
===Complications===<br />
Post-op complications of otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid3883726">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald DC| title=The aging ear. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1985 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 225-32 | pmid=3883726 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3883726 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Perilymph fistula: Progressive hearing loss, Tinnitus, or vertigo.<br />
*Taste disturbance<br />
*Facial nerve injury<br />
*Sensorineural hearing loss<br />
*Post stapedectomy granulomas<br />
*Vertigo<br />
<br />
===Prognosis===<br />
<br />
*Most of the patients find improvement in their hearing ability after the surgery.<ref name="pmid30540696">{{cite journal| author=Crompton M, Cadge BA, Ziff JL, Mowat AJ, Nash R, Lavy JA | display-authors=etal| title=The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2019 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-30 | pmid=30540696 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002047 | pmc=6314447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30540696 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32499972">{{cite journal| author=Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS| title=Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e7927 | pmid=32499972 | doi=10.7759/cureus.7927 | pmc=7265776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32499972 }}</ref><br />
*Only a few don't have any change post-surgery and rarely hearing loss worsens.<br />
*There have been cases where the prosthesis was found displaced from its original position, causing conductive hearing loss again in some patients.<br />
*The second surgery was observed to be less successful than the first.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
Patients present with the following:<ref name="pmid262764185">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20195188">{{cite journal| author=Makarem AO, Hoang TA, Lo WW, Linthicum FH, Fayad JN| title=Cavitating otosclerosis: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlations. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 381-4 | pmid=20195188 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181d275e8 | pmc=2880664 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20195188 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Most cases are asymptomatic and diagnosed as an incidental finding in temporal autopsies.<br />
*Bilateral(80%) or unilateral involvement earlier in the disease.<br />
*Progressive hearing loss, which might worsen with lower tone and frequencies like male voices and vowels.<br />
*vertigo(10%)<br />
*tinnitus (50%)<br />
*Schwartz sign or flamingos pink sign(not necessary for diagnosis): redness along the promontory of tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
===='''<u>Tuning fork</u>'''====<br />
<br />
*Pros of using a tuning fork for diagnosis:<ref name="pmid29502722">{{cite journal| author=Nazarian R, McElveen JT, Eshraghi AA| title=History of Otosclerosis and Stapes Surgery. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 275-290 | pmid=29502722 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502722 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18652164">{{cite journal| author=Wielgosz R, Mroczkowski E| title=[History of endaural surgery]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 348-50 | pmid=18652164 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70269-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18652164 }}</ref><br />
**Negative Rinne test<br />
**Weber test lateralizes to the ear with severe conductive loss.<br />
*Cons of using tuning fork for diagnosis<br />
**Rinne test cannot differentiate between sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing loss.<br />
**Weber test's inability to differentiate a bilateral hearing loss.<br />
<br />
===Audiometry and tympanometry===<br />
<br />
*Carhart's notch: Bone conduction depression in threshold at 2000Hz. After stapedectomy carhart's notch disappears.<ref name="pmid9760779">{{cite journal| author=Pietruski J| title=[Juliusz Lempert (1890-1959): the author of the fenestration technique]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 1998 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 341-6 | pmid=9760779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9760779 }}</ref><br />
*Tympanometry normal at early disease. In severe cases, flattening and stiffening of curve representing low compliance of ossicular chain and tympanic membrane. Good test to differentiate between otosclerosis and pathologies with low resonance.<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
There are no ECG findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===X-ray===<br />
There are no x-ray findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===CT scan===<br />
<br />
*High resolution computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bones is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid29397948">{{cite journal| author=Cheng HCS, Agrawal SK, Parnes LS| title=Stapedectomy Versus Stapedotomy. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 375-392 | pmid=29397948 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29397948 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19321627">{{cite journal| author=Lee TC, Aviv RI, Chen JM, Nedzelski JM, Fox AJ, Symons SP| title=CT grading of otosclerosis. | journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 1435-9 | pmid=19321627 | doi=10.3174/ajnr.A1558 | pmc=7051554 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19321627 }}</ref><br />
*However, preoperative CT has little to add in establishing otosclerosis diagnosis and may not even be necessary to confirm diagnosis.<br />
*CT is recommended to be reserved for those patients with presumed additional abnormalities, for specific preoperative planning, or for legal necessity.<br />
*CT Finding: ''increased bony radiolucency in the otic capsule around the anterior footplate, thickening of the stapes, and widening of the oval window''.<br />
*Early sign on CT: halo sign; demineralized area outlining the cochlea.<br />
<br />
===MRI===<br />
There are no MRI findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
There are no other imaging findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for otosclerosis. <br />
<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
<br />
*[[Sodium fluoride]]: Though controversial, it is used to slow the progression of otosclerosis.<br />
*[[Bisphosphonates]]: By inducing osteoclastic apoptosis, bisphosphonates cause antiresorptive action, with promising results.<br />
<br />
===Surgery===<br />
<br />
*Stapedotomy or Stapedectomy along with placement of a prosthesis, has shown a good prognosis with improved hearing ability.<br />
*Only rare cases have shown no benefit.<br />
*Revision surgery is controversial but proposed for patients with no improvement of hearing loss, facial nerve damage, or persistent vertigo.<br />
*Most common cause of stapedectomy failure is prosthesis displacement with or without incus erosion.<br />
*Revision surgery is also recommended post surgery for patients with footplate fixation, perilymph fistula, otosclerotic regrowth.<br />
*Post surgery, some are still encouraged to use a hearing aid..<br />
<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
Otosclerosis cannot be prevented but early detection of the disease can help in combating the disease better.<br />
<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
{{WikiDoc Sources}}</div>
Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Otosclerosis&diff=1695456
Otosclerosis
2021-03-25T17:28:36Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* Physical Examination */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CSN}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}} <br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is an osseous dyscrasia of the otic capsule, which should be an endochondral dense bony part in the labyrinth, replaced by irregularly laid spongy bone leading to the fixation of stapes. It is one of the most common causes of conductive deafness with normal tympanic membranes. Thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window Though majority of cases are observed at the oval window, otosclerosis can also affect the round window, cochlear apex, posterior to the oval window, posterior and anterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC), cochlear aqueduct, semicircular canals, and within the stapes footplate. It can be asymptomatic or in advanced cases extend into the bony labyrinth and affect cochlea which causes mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss depending on the position of foci. Otosclerosis is common in Caucasians and predominantly women. Hormonal fluctuations in women like during pregnancy and menopause may aggravate the disease. Many genetic factors contribute to the development of otosclerosis. And it is an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Measles was found to be one of the reasons for otosclerosis. Other factors include inflammatory cytokine and cytotoxic mediators secondary to inflammation. (CT) scanning of the temporal bone can often demonstrate foci of demineralization in the otic capsule in cases of cochlear otosclerosis. The treatment for hearing loss is essentially stapes surgery with successful improvement of 90%-95% in the first 5 years; decreases to 63% after 30years and rarely need revision surgery. Additionally, hearing aid and cochlear implants could be used along with surgery.<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
<br />
*1704:Antonio Maria Valsalva identified fixation of stapes as a cause of hearing loss.<ref name="pmid23336672">{{cite journal| author=Redfors YD, Hellgren J, Möller C| title=Hearing-aid use and benefit: a long-term follow-up in patients undergoing surgery for otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Audiol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 194-9 | pmid=23336672 | doi=10.3109/14992027.2012.754957 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23336672 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20456195">{{cite journal| author=Bajaj Y, Uppal S, Bhatti I, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 3: the surgical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-10 | pmid=20456195 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02047.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456195 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29502731">{{cite journal| author=McElveen JT, Kutz JW| title=Controversies in the Evaluation and Management of Otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 487-499 | pmid=29502731 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502731 }}</ref>.<br />
*1841:Toyn bee stated, "osseous ankylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis as one of the causes of deafness".<br />
*1876:Johannes Kessel described stapes surgery as the treatment.<br />
*1930-1950: Used Julius Lempert’s single-stage fenestration of stapes as treatment.<br />
*1956:John Shea modernized stapedectomy.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
;<nowiki>Based on Symons/fanning grading system otosclerosis can be classified into:</nowiki><ref name="pmid22935809">{{cite journal| author=Quesnel AM, Seton M, Merchant SN, Halpin C, McKenna MJ| title=Third-generation bisphosphonates for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 8 | pages= 1308-14 | pmid=22935809 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318268d1b3 | pmc=3442123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22935809 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*'''Grade 1''': Fenestral Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 2''': Cochlear Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2A''':Basal cochlear turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2B''':Middle/Apical turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2C''':Both Basal and Middle/apical Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 3''':Diffuse confluent cochlear involvement (with or without fenestral involvement)<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Embryology===<br />
'''Table explains the embryological process for the development of bony labyrinth'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gestational week<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Developmental process<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4th week<br />
|<br />
*Development of otic canal from mesenchyme of otic vesicle by forming an otic capsule around it<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8th week<br />
|<br />
*Initiation of the cartilaginous framework<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |16th week<br />
|<br />
*Endochondrial replacement of the cartilaginous framework.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*In certain cases, completion of the third stage of bone formation doesn't occur leading to cartilages between bony structures.<ref name="pmid20089010">{{cite journal| author=Uppal S, Bajaj Y, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 2: the medical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=20089010 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02046.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23921926">{{cite journal| author=Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK| title=The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e55-60 | pmid=23921926 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318298ac96 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23921926 }}</ref><br />
*During labyrinth bone formation, the anterior to the oval window is usually the last area to develop. This area is the most common site for otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*Accumulation of bone deposits because of increased bone remodeling which is bone resorption followed by bone deposition in the otic capsule result in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid16434632">{{cite journal| author=Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS| title=Does this patient have hearing impairment? | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-28 | pmid=16434632 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.4.416 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16434632 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17076020 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Oct;9(4):120] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17213129 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):116]</ref><br />
*Audiological findings are directly proportionate to the extent of bone remodeling.<ref name="pmid10205935">{{cite journal| author=Sellari-Franceschini S, Ravecca F, De Vito A, Berrettini S| title=[Progressive sensorineural hearing loss in cochlear otosclerosis]. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 1998 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 Suppl 59 | pages= 59-65 | pmid=10205935 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10205935 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21358194">{{cite journal| author=Ealy M, Smith RJH| title=Otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2011 | volume= 70 | issue= | pages= 122-129 | pmid=21358194 | doi=10.1159/000322488 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21358194 }}</ref><br />
*Bone remodeling happens in 3 phases:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Phase!! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Mechanism of action<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otospongiosis||Increase in both osteoclast activity and microvascularity<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Transitional phase||begins with deposits of spongy bone by osteoblasts in areas of previous bone reabsorption<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otosclerotic phase||characterized by spongy bone deposits developing into dense bone that narrows the microcirculation previously developed in the otospongiosis phase<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The lesions occur mostly in the anterior to the oval window by calcifying of annular ligament or by involving stapes footplate (80%).<br />
*While 30% of cases have the lesion at the round window,21% have it at peri cochlear region, and 19% at the anterior segment of the internal auditory canal.<br />
<br />
===Associated Conditions===<br />
Conditions associated with otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid21916215">{{cite journal| author=Thomas JP, Minovi A, Dazert S| title=Current aspects of etiology, diagnosis and therapy of otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-70 | pmid=21916215 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(11)70670-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21916215 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;*Pregnancy<br />
:There is no strong evidence why pregnancy worsens hearing loss in some patients with otosclerosis.However 33% women with otosclerosis are found to deteriorate in hearing after one pregnancy.<ref name="pmid16985478">{{cite journal| author=Vincent R, Sperling NM, Oates J, Jindal M| title=Surgical findings and long-term hearing results in 3,050 stapedotomies for primary otosclerosis: a prospective study with the otology-neurotology database. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 Suppl 2 | pages= S25-47 | pmid=16985478 | doi=10.1097/01.mao.0000235311.80066.df | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985478 }}</ref><br />
;*Measles<br />
:RNA of measles virus was detected at the footplate of stapes in otosclerotic patients , suggesting its role in causing it, while incidence has reduced significantly in vaccinated populations.<br />
<br />
*'''Trauma and Major surgeries''' also cause otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
;*Autoimmune<br />
:Though research on this is in the initial stages, inflammatory cytokine like TNF-alpha and cytotoxic mediators were found at the otosclerotic bone suggesting its role in the pathology.<ref name="pmid262764182">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Common causes of otosclerosis include:<br />
<br />
;Embryological Cause<br />
:*During the maturation of the otic capsule of the labyrinth, certain places skip the complete conversion to endochondral, leading to irregularly laid spongy bone. This most commonly is seen at fissula ante fenestram.<ref name="pmid26276418">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;Genetic Cause<br />
:*Studies have been conducted and found Type 1 collagen gene(COL1A1), a component essential for bone metabolism plays a role in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid168857482">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
:*TGF-beta 1(BMP 2 and BMP 4 gene and Angiotensin II (AGT M235T and ACE I/D genes) are also found associated with otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid15513522">{{cite journal| author=Imauchi Y, Lainé P, Sterkers O, Ferrary E, Bozorg Grayeli A| title=Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter activity in otosclerotic bone cell cultures and SaOS-2 cells. | journal=Acta Otolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 8 | pages= 890-5 | pmid=15513522 | doi=10.1080/00016480310017081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15513522 }}</ref><ref name="pmid262764184">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
:*Other genetic causes for otosclerosis include sex hormones, autoimmune reaction, human leucocyte antigen, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, parathyroid hormone, and expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptides receptors, and oxidative stress<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Otosclerosis from other Diseases==<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*Though a variable pattern of inheritance is observed, 60% of patients report a family with a history of otosclerosis. Thus researchers conclude this condition as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.<br />
*Greater preponderance in women compared to men in a ratio of 2:1.<br />
*Even though the disease begins in the second and third decade of life, it doesn't result in hearing loss until the fourth decade.<br />
*Clinical prevalence of otosclerosis is found to be higher in Caucasians by 0.04%-1% while the histological incidence of otosclerosis increases to 10% in the same..The incidence of histological otosclerosis is 1% and 5% in African and Asian population respectively.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
Common risk factors in the development of otosclerosis include<ref name="pmid17245017">{{cite journal| author=Declau F, Spaendonck MV, Timmermans JP, Michaels L, Liang J, Qiu JP | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of histologic otosclerosis: an unbiased temporal bone study in Caucasians. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 6-16 | pmid=17245017 | doi=10.1159/000098663 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245017 }}</ref>. <br />
<br />
;*Genetic factor<br />
:Otosclerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance. When 60% of patients were found with family history, 40-50% of patients have it with variable patterns of inheritance. But hearing loss in otosclerosis is found only with family history of the same.<ref name="pmid262764183">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
;*Hormonal conditions<br />
:Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause increase the occurrence of hearing loss in pre-existing otosclerosis.<br />
;*Measles<br />
:Persistent measles virus infection of stapes footplate results in activated osteoclast and inflammatory pathways by TNF-alpha mRNA. The protective function of osteoprotegerin at the otic capsule is inhibited by TNF-alpha and its action on RANK production<ref name="pmid16885748">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
Even though otosclerosis appears to be genetic deafness, early prevention can help in combating the disorder and its prevention.<ref name="pmid6074235">{{cite journal| author=Tato JM, Tato JM| title=Otosclerosis and races. | journal=Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | year= 1967 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 1018-25 | pmid=6074235 | doi=10.1177/000348946707600512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6074235 }}</ref><br />
<br />
#Systematic Impedance-audiometry screening: The purpose of this screening is to detect a possible diphasic impedance change (on-off effect) by eliciting stapedius reflex. It is done in school going-children and helps in the early detection of stapedial fixation.<br />
#Systematic Bone-conducted audiometry screening: It is done in young children with a family history of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
===Complications===<br />
Post-op complications of otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid3883726">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald DC| title=The aging ear. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1985 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 225-32 | pmid=3883726 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3883726 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Perilymph fistula: Progressive hearing loss, Tinnitus, or vertigo.<br />
*Taste disturbance<br />
*Facial nerve injury<br />
*Sensorineural hearing loss<br />
*Post stapedectomy granulomas<br />
*Vertigo<br />
<br />
===Prognosis===<br />
<br />
*Most of the patients find improvement in their hearing ability after the surgery.<ref name="pmid30540696">{{cite journal| author=Crompton M, Cadge BA, Ziff JL, Mowat AJ, Nash R, Lavy JA | display-authors=etal| title=The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2019 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-30 | pmid=30540696 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002047 | pmc=6314447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30540696 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32499972">{{cite journal| author=Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS| title=Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e7927 | pmid=32499972 | doi=10.7759/cureus.7927 | pmc=7265776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32499972 }}</ref><br />
*Only a few don't have any change post-surgery and rarely hearing loss worsens.<br />
*There have been cases where the prosthesis was found displaced from its original position, causing conductive hearing loss again in some patients.<br />
*The second surgery was observed to be less successful than the first.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
Patients present with the following:<ref name="pmid262764185">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20195188">{{cite journal| author=Makarem AO, Hoang TA, Lo WW, Linthicum FH, Fayad JN| title=Cavitating otosclerosis: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlations. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 381-4 | pmid=20195188 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181d275e8 | pmc=2880664 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20195188 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Most cases are asymptomatic and diagnosed as an incidental finding in temporal autopsies.<br />
*Bilateral(80%) or unilateral involvement earlier in the disease.<br />
*Progressive hearing loss, which might worsen with lower tone and frequencies like male voices and vowels.<br />
*vertigo(10%)<br />
*tinnitus (50%)<br />
*Schwartz sign or flamingos pink sign(not necessary for diagnosis): redness along the promontory of tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
===='''<u>Tuning fork</u>'''====<br />
<br />
*Pros of using a tuning fork for diagnosis:<ref name="pmid29502722">{{cite journal| author=Nazarian R, McElveen JT, Eshraghi AA| title=History of Otosclerosis and Stapes Surgery. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 275-290 | pmid=29502722 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502722 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18652164">{{cite journal| author=Wielgosz R, Mroczkowski E| title=[History of endaural surgery]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2008 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 348-50 | pmid=18652164 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70269-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18652164 }}</ref><br />
**Negative Rinne test<br />
**Weber test lateralizes to the ear with severe conductive loss.<br />
*Cons of using tuning fork for diagnosis<br />
**Rinne test cannot differentiate between sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing loss.<br />
**Weber test's inability to differentiate a bilateral hearing loss.<br />
<br />
===Audiometry and tympanometry===<br />
<br />
*Carhart's notch: Bone conduction depression in threshold at 2000Hz. After stapedectomy carhart's notch disappears.<ref name="pmid9760779">{{cite journal| author=Pietruski J| title=[Juliusz Lempert (1890-1959): the author of the fenestration technique]. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 1998 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 341-6 | pmid=9760779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9760779 }}</ref><br />
*Tympanometry normal at early disease. In severe cases, flattening and stiffening of curve representing low compliance of ossicular chain and tympanic membrane. Good test to differentiate between otosclerosis and pathologies with low resonance.<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
There are no ECG findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===X-ray===<br />
There are no x-ray findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===CT scan===<br />
<br />
*High resolution computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bones is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
*However, preoperative CT has little to add in establishing otosclerosis diagnosis and may not even be necessary to confirm diagnosis.<br />
*CT is recommended to be reserved for those patients with presumed additional abnormalities, for specific preoperative planning, or for legal necessity.<br />
*CT Finding: ''increased bony radiolucency in the otic capsule around the anterior footplate, thickening of the stapes, and widening of the oval window''.<br />
*Early sign on CT: halo sign; demineralized area outlining the cochlea.<br />
<br />
===MRI===<br />
There are no MRI findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
There are no other imaging findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for otosclerosis. <br />
<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
<br />
*[[Sodium fluoride]]: Though controversial, it is used to slow the progression of otosclerosis.<br />
*[[Bisphosphonates]]: By inducing osteoclastic apoptosis, bisphosphonates cause antiresorptive action, with promising results.<br />
<br />
===Surgery===<br />
<br />
*Stapedotomy or Stapedectomy along with placement of a prosthesis, has shown a good prognosis with improved hearing ability.<br />
*Only rare cases have shown no benefit.<br />
*Revision surgery is controversial but proposed for patients with no improvement of hearing loss, facial nerve damage, or persistent vertigo.<br />
*Most common cause of stapedectomy failure is prosthesis displacement with or without incus erosion.<br />
*Revision surgery is also recommended post surgery for patients with footplate fixation, perilymph fistula, otosclerotic regrowth.<br />
*Post surgery, some are still encouraged to use a hearing aid..<br />
<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
Otosclerosis cannot be prevented but early detection of the disease can help in combating the disease better.<br />
<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}<br />
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Aditya Ganti
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Otosclerosis&diff=1695455
Otosclerosis
2021-03-25T17:27:50Z
<p>Aditya Ganti: /* History and Symptoms */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{SI}}<br />
<br />
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CSN}}<br />
<br />
{{SK}} <br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Otosclerosis is a word derived from the Greek word "sklērós" meaning hardening and oto meaning ear. Otosclerosis is an osseous dyscrasia of the otic capsule, which should be an endochondral dense bony part in the labyrinth, replaced by irregularly laid spongy bone leading to the fixation of stapes. It is one of the most common causes of conductive deafness with normal tympanic membranes. Thereby affecting sound transmission to the inner ear at the level of the oval window Though majority of cases are observed at the oval window, otosclerosis can also affect the round window, cochlear apex, posterior to the oval window, posterior and anterior wall of the internal auditory canal (IAC), cochlear aqueduct, semicircular canals, and within the stapes footplate. It can be asymptomatic or in advanced cases extend into the bony labyrinth and affect cochlea which causes mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss depending on the position of foci. Otosclerosis is common in Caucasians and predominantly women. Hormonal fluctuations in women like during pregnancy and menopause may aggravate the disease. Many genetic factors contribute to the development of otosclerosis. And it is an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Measles was found to be one of the reasons for otosclerosis. Other factors include inflammatory cytokine and cytotoxic mediators secondary to inflammation. (CT) scanning of the temporal bone can often demonstrate foci of demineralization in the otic capsule in cases of cochlear otosclerosis. The treatment for hearing loss is essentially stapes surgery with successful improvement of 90%-95% in the first 5 years; decreases to 63% after 30years and rarely need revision surgery. Additionally, hearing aid and cochlear implants could be used along with surgery.<br />
<br />
==Historical Perspective==<br />
<br />
*1704:Antonio Maria Valsalva identified fixation of stapes as a cause of hearing loss.<ref name="pmid23336672">{{cite journal| author=Redfors YD, Hellgren J, Möller C| title=Hearing-aid use and benefit: a long-term follow-up in patients undergoing surgery for otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Audiol | year= 2013 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 194-9 | pmid=23336672 | doi=10.3109/14992027.2012.754957 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23336672 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20456195">{{cite journal| author=Bajaj Y, Uppal S, Bhatti I, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 3: the surgical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 505-10 | pmid=20456195 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02047.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456195 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29502731">{{cite journal| author=McElveen JT, Kutz JW| title=Controversies in the Evaluation and Management of Otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Clin North Am | year= 2018 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 487-499 | pmid=29502731 | doi=10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29502731 }}</ref>.<br />
*1841:Toyn bee stated, "osseous ankylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis as one of the causes of deafness".<br />
*1876:Johannes Kessel described stapes surgery as the treatment.<br />
*1930-1950: Used Julius Lempert’s single-stage fenestration of stapes as treatment.<br />
*1956:John Shea modernized stapedectomy.<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
;<nowiki>Based on Symons/fanning grading system otosclerosis can be classified into:</nowiki><ref name="pmid22935809">{{cite journal| author=Quesnel AM, Seton M, Merchant SN, Halpin C, McKenna MJ| title=Third-generation bisphosphonates for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 8 | pages= 1308-14 | pmid=22935809 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318268d1b3 | pmc=3442123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22935809 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*'''Grade 1''': Fenestral Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 2''': Cochlear Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2A''':Basal cochlear turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2B''':Middle/Apical turn Otosclerosis<br />
**'''Grade 2C''':Both Basal and Middle/apical Otosclerosis<br />
*'''Grade 3''':Diffuse confluent cochlear involvement (with or without fenestral involvement)<br />
<br />
==Pathophysiology==<br />
<br />
===Embryology===<br />
'''Table explains the embryological process for the development of bony labyrinth'''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Gestational week<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Developmental process<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |4th week<br />
|<br />
*Development of otic canal from mesenchyme of otic vesicle by forming an otic capsule around it<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |8th week<br />
|<br />
*Initiation of the cartilaginous framework<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |16th week<br />
|<br />
*Endochondrial replacement of the cartilaginous framework.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*In certain cases, completion of the third stage of bone formation doesn't occur leading to cartilages between bony structures.<ref name="pmid20089010">{{cite journal| author=Uppal S, Bajaj Y, Coatesworth AP| title=Otosclerosis 2: the medical management of otosclerosis. | journal=Int J Clin Pract | year= 2010 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 256-65 | pmid=20089010 | doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02046.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20089010 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23921926">{{cite journal| author=Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK| title=The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= e55-60 | pmid=23921926 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e318298ac96 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23921926 }}</ref><br />
*During labyrinth bone formation, the anterior to the oval window is usually the last area to develop. This area is the most common site for otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Pathogenesis===<br />
<br />
*Accumulation of bone deposits because of increased bone remodeling which is bone resorption followed by bone deposition in the otic capsule result in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid16434632">{{cite journal| author=Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS| title=Does this patient have hearing impairment? | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-28 | pmid=16434632 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.4.416 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16434632 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17076020 Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Oct;9(4):120] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=17213129 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):116]</ref><br />
*Audiological findings are directly proportionate to the extent of bone remodeling.<ref name="pmid10205935">{{cite journal| author=Sellari-Franceschini S, Ravecca F, De Vito A, Berrettini S| title=[Progressive sensorineural hearing loss in cochlear otosclerosis]. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 1998 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 Suppl 59 | pages= 59-65 | pmid=10205935 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10205935 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21358194">{{cite journal| author=Ealy M, Smith RJH| title=Otosclerosis. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2011 | volume= 70 | issue= | pages= 122-129 | pmid=21358194 | doi=10.1159/000322488 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21358194 }}</ref><br />
*Bone remodeling happens in 3 phases:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Phase!! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Mechanism of action<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otospongiosis||Increase in both osteoclast activity and microvascularity<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Transitional phase||begins with deposits of spongy bone by osteoblasts in areas of previous bone reabsorption<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Otosclerotic phase||characterized by spongy bone deposits developing into dense bone that narrows the microcirculation previously developed in the otospongiosis phase<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*The lesions occur mostly in the anterior to the oval window by calcifying of annular ligament or by involving stapes footplate (80%).<br />
*While 30% of cases have the lesion at the round window,21% have it at peri cochlear region, and 19% at the anterior segment of the internal auditory canal.<br />
<br />
===Associated Conditions===<br />
Conditions associated with otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid21916215">{{cite journal| author=Thomas JP, Minovi A, Dazert S| title=Current aspects of etiology, diagnosis and therapy of otosclerosis. | journal=Otolaryngol Pol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 3 | pages= 162-70 | pmid=21916215 | doi=10.1016/S0030-6657(11)70670-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21916215 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;*Pregnancy<br />
:There is no strong evidence why pregnancy worsens hearing loss in some patients with otosclerosis.However 33% women with otosclerosis are found to deteriorate in hearing after one pregnancy.<ref name="pmid16985478">{{cite journal| author=Vincent R, Sperling NM, Oates J, Jindal M| title=Surgical findings and long-term hearing results in 3,050 stapedotomies for primary otosclerosis: a prospective study with the otology-neurotology database. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2006 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 Suppl 2 | pages= S25-47 | pmid=16985478 | doi=10.1097/01.mao.0000235311.80066.df | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16985478 }}</ref><br />
;*Measles<br />
:RNA of measles virus was detected at the footplate of stapes in otosclerotic patients , suggesting its role in causing it, while incidence has reduced significantly in vaccinated populations.<br />
<br />
*'''Trauma and Major surgeries''' also cause otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
;*Autoimmune<br />
:Though research on this is in the initial stages, inflammatory cytokine like TNF-alpha and cytotoxic mediators were found at the otosclerotic bone suggesting its role in the pathology.<ref name="pmid262764182">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Common causes of otosclerosis include:<br />
<br />
;Embryological Cause<br />
:*During the maturation of the otic capsule of the labyrinth, certain places skip the complete conversion to endochondral, leading to irregularly laid spongy bone. This most commonly is seen at fissula ante fenestram.<ref name="pmid26276418">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
<br />
;Genetic Cause<br />
:*Studies have been conducted and found Type 1 collagen gene(COL1A1), a component essential for bone metabolism plays a role in otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid168857482">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
:*TGF-beta 1(BMP 2 and BMP 4 gene and Angiotensin II (AGT M235T and ACE I/D genes) are also found associated with otosclerosis.<ref name="pmid15513522">{{cite journal| author=Imauchi Y, Lainé P, Sterkers O, Ferrary E, Bozorg Grayeli A| title=Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter activity in otosclerotic bone cell cultures and SaOS-2 cells. | journal=Acta Otolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 8 | pages= 890-5 | pmid=15513522 | doi=10.1080/00016480310017081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15513522 }}</ref><ref name="pmid262764184">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
:*Other genetic causes for otosclerosis include sex hormones, autoimmune reaction, human leucocyte antigen, inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, parathyroid hormone, and expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptides receptors, and oxidative stress<br />
<br />
==Differentiating Otosclerosis from other Diseases==<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
OR<br />
<br />
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].<br />
<br />
==Epidemiology and Demographics==<br />
<br />
*Though a variable pattern of inheritance is observed, 60% of patients report a family with a history of otosclerosis. Thus researchers conclude this condition as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.<br />
*Greater preponderance in women compared to men in a ratio of 2:1.<br />
*Even though the disease begins in the second and third decade of life, it doesn't result in hearing loss until the fourth decade.<br />
*Clinical prevalence of otosclerosis is found to be higher in Caucasians by 0.04%-1% while the histological incidence of otosclerosis increases to 10% in the same..The incidence of histological otosclerosis is 1% and 5% in African and Asian population respectively.<br />
<br />
==Risk Factors==<br />
Common risk factors in the development of otosclerosis include<ref name="pmid17245017">{{cite journal| author=Declau F, Spaendonck MV, Timmermans JP, Michaels L, Liang J, Qiu JP | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of histologic otosclerosis: an unbiased temporal bone study in Caucasians. | journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2007 | volume= 65 | issue= | pages= 6-16 | pmid=17245017 | doi=10.1159/000098663 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17245017 }}</ref>. <br />
<br />
;*Genetic factor<br />
:Otosclerosis is an autosomal dominant disease with incomplete penetrance. When 60% of patients were found with family history, 40-50% of patients have it with variable patterns of inheritance. But hearing loss in otosclerosis is found only with family history of the same.<ref name="pmid262764183">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><br />
;*Hormonal conditions<br />
:Puberty, pregnancy, and menopause increase the occurrence of hearing loss in pre-existing otosclerosis.<br />
;*Measles<br />
:Persistent measles virus infection of stapes footplate results in activated osteoclast and inflammatory pathways by TNF-alpha mRNA. The protective function of osteoprotegerin at the otic capsule is inhibited by TNF-alpha and its action on RANK production<ref name="pmid16885748">{{cite journal| author=Karosi T, Jókay I, Kónya J, Szabó LZ, Pytel J, Jóri J | display-authors=etal| title=Detection of osteoprotegerin and TNF-alpha mRNA in ankylotic Stapes footplates in connection with measles virus positivity. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 8 | pages= 1427-33 | pmid=16885748 | doi=10.1097/01.mlg.0000225928.35838.e5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16885748 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Screening==<br />
Even though otosclerosis appears to be genetic deafness, early prevention can help in combating the disorder and its prevention.<ref name="pmid6074235">{{cite journal| author=Tato JM, Tato JM| title=Otosclerosis and races. | journal=Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol | year= 1967 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 1018-25 | pmid=6074235 | doi=10.1177/000348946707600512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6074235 }}</ref><br />
<br />
#Systematic Impedance-audiometry screening: The purpose of this screening is to detect a possible diphasic impedance change (on-off effect) by eliciting stapedius reflex. It is done in school going-children and helps in the early detection of stapedial fixation.<br />
#Systematic Bone-conducted audiometry screening: It is done in young children with a family history of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==<br />
===Complications===<br />
Post-op complications of otosclerosis include:<ref name="pmid3883726">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald DC| title=The aging ear. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1985 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 225-32 | pmid=3883726 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3883726 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Perilymph fistula: Progressive hearing loss, Tinnitus, or vertigo.<br />
*Taste disturbance<br />
*Facial nerve injury<br />
*Sensorineural hearing loss<br />
*Post stapedectomy granulomas<br />
*Vertigo<br />
<br />
===Prognosis===<br />
<br />
*Most of the patients find improvement in their hearing ability after the surgery.<ref name="pmid30540696">{{cite journal| author=Crompton M, Cadge BA, Ziff JL, Mowat AJ, Nash R, Lavy JA | display-authors=etal| title=The Epidemiology of Otosclerosis in a British Cohort. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2019 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-30 | pmid=30540696 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0000000000002047 | pmc=6314447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30540696 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32499972">{{cite journal| author=Rajput MSA, Arain AA, Rajput AA, Adeel M, Suahil A, Awan MS| title=Otosclerosis: Experience With Stapes Surgery. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e7927 | pmid=32499972 | doi=10.7759/cureus.7927 | pmc=7265776 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32499972 }}</ref><br />
*Only a few don't have any change post-surgery and rarely hearing loss worsens.<br />
*There have been cases where the prosthesis was found displaced from its original position, causing conductive hearing loss again in some patients.<br />
*The second surgery was observed to be less successful than the first.<br />
<br />
==Diagnosis==<br />
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===<br />
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===History and Symptoms===<br />
Patients present with the following:<ref name="pmid262764185">{{cite journal| author=Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E | display-authors=etal| title=The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research. | journal=Hear Res | year= 2015 | volume= 330 | issue= Pt A | pages= 51-6 | pmid=26276418 | doi=10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26276418 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20195188">{{cite journal| author=Makarem AO, Hoang TA, Lo WW, Linthicum FH, Fayad JN| title=Cavitating otosclerosis: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlations. | journal=Otol Neurotol | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 381-4 | pmid=20195188 | doi=10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181d275e8 | pmc=2880664 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20195188 }}</ref><br />
<br />
*Most cases are asymptomatic and diagnosed as an incidental finding in temporal autopsies.<br />
*Bilateral(80%) or unilateral involvement earlier in the disease.<br />
*Progressive hearing loss, which might worsen with lower tone and frequencies like male voices and vowels.<br />
*vertigo(10%)<br />
*tinnitus (50%)<br />
*Schwartz sign or flamingos pink sign(not necessary for diagnosis): redness along the promontory of tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination<br />
<br />
===Physical Examination===<br />
===='''<u>Tuning fork</u>'''====<br />
<br />
*Pros of using a tuning fork for diagnosis:<br />
**Negative Rinne test<br />
**Weber test lateralizes to the ear with severe conductive loss.<br />
*Cons of using tuning fork for diagnosis<br />
**Rinne test cannot differentiate between sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing loss.<br />
**Weber test's inability to differentiate a bilateral hearing loss.<br />
<br />
===Audiometry and tympanometry===<br />
<br />
*Caharts notch: Bone conduction depression in threshold at 2000Hz. After stapedectomy carhart's notch disappears.<br />
*Tympanometry normal at early disease. In severe cases, flattening and stiffening of curve representing low compliance of ossicular chain and tympanic membrane. Good test to differentiate between otosclerosis and pathologies with low resonance.<br />
<br />
===Laboratory Findings===<br />
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Electrocardiogram===<br />
There are no ECG findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===X-ray===<br />
There are no x-ray findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===<br />
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===CT scan===<br />
<br />
*High resolution computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bones is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of otosclerosis.<br />
*However, preoperative CT has little to add in establishing otosclerosis diagnosis and may not even be necessary to confirm diagnosis.<br />
*CT is recommended to be reserved for those patients with presumed additional abnormalities, for specific preoperative planning, or for legal necessity.<br />
*CT Finding: ''increased bony radiolucency in the otic capsule around the anterior footplate, thickening of the stapes, and widening of the oval window''.<br />
*Early sign on CT: halo sign; demineralized area outlining the cochlea.<br />
<br />
===MRI===<br />
There are no MRI findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Imaging Findings===<br />
There are no other imaging findings associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
===Other Diagnostic Studies===<br />
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for otosclerosis. <br />
<br />
===Medical Therapy===<br />
<br />
*[[Sodium fluoride]]: Though controversial, it is used to slow the progression of otosclerosis.<br />
*[[Bisphosphonates]]: By inducing osteoclastic apoptosis, bisphosphonates cause antiresorptive action, with promising results.<br />
<br />
===Surgery===<br />
<br />
*Stapedotomy or Stapedectomy along with placement of a prosthesis, has shown a good prognosis with improved hearing ability.<br />
*Only rare cases have shown no benefit.<br />
*Revision surgery is controversial but proposed for patients with no improvement of hearing loss, facial nerve damage, or persistent vertigo.<br />
*Most common cause of stapedectomy failure is prosthesis displacement with or without incus erosion.<br />
*Revision surgery is also recommended post surgery for patients with footplate fixation, perilymph fistula, otosclerotic regrowth.<br />
*Post surgery, some are still encouraged to use a hearing aid..<br />
<br />
===Primary Prevention===<br />
Otosclerosis cannot be prevented but early detection of the disease can help in combating the disease better.<br />
<br />
===Secondary Prevention===<br />
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of otosclerosis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
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Aditya Ganti