wikidoc - User contributions [en]

Teratoma history and symptoms

2020-01-15T19:09:25Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The majority of patients with teratoma are asymptomatic. The signs and symptoms depends on the tumor locations such as genitals, mediastinum,and sacrococcygeal areas. The most common symptoms include abdominal pain, swelling, mass, cough, dyspnea, abnormal uterine bleeding.

==History and Symptoms==
*The majority of patients with teratoma are asymptomatic Less commonly, the newborn may exhibit only asymmetry of the buttocks or present when aged 1 month to 4 years with a presacral tumor that may extend into the pelvis. The latter group is at higher risk for malignancy. Ovarian teratoma: Mature cystic teratomas of the ovary often are discovered as incidental findings on physical examination, during radiographic studies, or during abdominal surgery performed for other indications. Asymptomatic ovarian mature cystic teratomas are reported at a rate of 6-65% in various series. When s Bladder symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, and back pain are less frequent. When abdominal pain is present, it usually is constant and ranges from slight to moderate in intensity. Torsion and acute rupture commonly are associated with severe pain. Hormonal production is thought to account for cases of abnormal uterine bleeding, but histologic examination has not provided evidence of this theory. The masses are firm or hard in 83% of cases. Most are not tender and do not transilluminate. Testicular pain and scrotal swelling occasionally are reported with teratomas, but this is nonspecific and simply indicates torsion until proven otherwise. Hydrocele frequently is associated with teratoma in childhood. On examination, the testis is diffusely enlarged, rather than nodular, although a discreet nodule in the upper or lower pole sometimes can be appreciated. .<ref name="urlTeratoma">{{cite web |url=http://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Teratoma/index.htm |title=Teratoma |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===History===
The majority of the patients with teratoma are asymptomatic

Patients with teratoma may have a positive history of:

*Painless [[Scrotal mass]]
*[[Hydrocele]]
*[[Sacrococcygeal teratoma|Sacrococcygeal mass]] in neonates
*Mediastinal teratoma:
**[[Cough]]
**Trichoptysis: Coughing of hairlike material<ref name="pmid267292">{{cite journal| author=Yannitsiotis A, Bossinakou I, Louizou C, Mandalaki T| title=Jaundice and hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in Greek haemophiliacs. | journal=Scand J Haematol Suppl | year= 1977 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 11-5 | pmid=267292 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=267292 }}</ref>
**[[Dyspnea]]
**Recurrent [[pneumonitis]]
**[[Mediastinal mass]]
**[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
**[[Lipoid pneumonia]]
*Ovarian teratoma:
**[[abdominal pain]] (47.6%),
**[[abdominal mass]] or swelling (15.4%), and
**[[abnormal uterine bleeding]] (15.1%).
*

===Common Symptoms===
Common symptoms of teratoma include:
*Painless, hard [[Scrotal mass]]
*
*[Symptom 3]

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma history and symptoms

2020-01-15T19:07:34Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The majority of patients with teratoma are asymptomatic. The signs and symptoms depends on the tumor locations such as genitals, mediastinum,and sacrococcygeal areas. The most common symptoms include abdominal pain, swelling, mass, cough, dyspnea, abnormal uterine bleeding.

==History and Symptoms==
*The majority of patients with teratoma are asymptomatic Less commonly, the newborn may exhibit only asymmetry of the buttocks or present when aged 1 month to 4 years with a presacral tumor that may extend into the pelvis. The latter group is at higher risk for malignancy. Ovarian teratoma: Mature cystic teratomas of the ovary often are discovered as incidental findings on physical examination, during radiographic studies, or during abdominal surgery performed for other indications. Asymptomatic ovarian mature cystic teratomas are reported at a rate of 6-65% in various series. When s Bladder symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, and back pain are less frequent. When abdominal pain is present, it usually is constant and ranges from slight to moderate in intensity. Torsion and acute rupture commonly are associated with severe pain. Hormonal production is thought to account for cases of abnormal uterine bleeding, but histologic examination has not provided evidence of this theory. The masses are firm or hard in 83% of cases. Most are not tender and do not transilluminate. Testicular pain and scrotal swelling occasionally are reported with teratomas, but this is nonspecific and simply indicates torsion until proven otherwise. Hydrocele frequently is associated with teratoma in childhood. On examination, the testis is diffusely enlarged, rather than nodular, although a discreet nodule in the upper or lower pole sometimes can be appreciated. .<ref name="urlTeratoma">{{cite web |url=http://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Teratoma/index.htm |title=Teratoma |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

OR
*The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
*Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
===History===
The majority of the patients with teratoma are asymptomatic

Patients with teratoma may have a positive history of:

*Painless [[Scrotal mass]]
*[[Hydrocele]]
*[[Sacrococcygeal teratoma|Sacrococcygeal mass]] in neonates
*Mediastinal teratoma:
**[[Cough]]
**Trichoptysis: Coughing of hairlike material<ref name="pmid267292">{{cite journal| author=Yannitsiotis A, Bossinakou I, Louizou C, Mandalaki T| title=Jaundice and hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in Greek haemophiliacs. | journal=Scand J Haematol Suppl | year= 1977 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 11-5 | pmid=267292 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=267292 }}</ref>
**[[Dyspnea]]
**Recurrent [[pneumonitis]]
**[[Mediastinal mass]]
**[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]
**[[Lipoid pneumonia]]
*Ovarian teratoma:
**[[abdominal pain]] (47.6%),
**[[abdominal mass]] or swelling (15.4%), and
**[[abnormal uterine bleeding]] (15.1%).
*

===Common Symptoms===
Common symptoms of teratoma include:
*Painless, hard [[Scrotal mass]]
*
*[Symptom 3]

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma (patient information)

2019-12-16T06:10:49Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Teratoma|here]]'''

{{Teratoma (patient information)}}

'''Editor-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson]], M.S.,M.D. [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com] Phone:617-632-7753; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' Jinhui Wu, M.D.

==Overview==
Teratoma is a type of cancer made of cysts that contain one or more of the three main types of cells found in a developing embryo. Some teratomas are benign, some are cancerous. And benign teratomas have the risks to change into cancerous. Generally, teratomas are located in the genital glands, mediastinum and sacrococcygeal region. Symptoms vary depending on the locations. Usual symptoms include [[abdominal pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[cough]], [[chest pain]] and abnormal [[bleeding]] from the vagina. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels and some imaging tests may be helpful for the diagnosis. Treatments include [[surgery]] and [[chemotherapy]].

==What are the symptoms of Teratoma?==
Signs and symptoms vary depending on the location. Early teratoma does not have any symptoms. As the tumor grows larger, people may notice one or more of the following symptoms:

:*[[Chest pain]]
:*[[Cough]]
:*[[Shortness of breath]]
:*[[Abdominal pain]]
:*[[Lump]]
:*Abnormal [[bleeding]] from the vagina
:*[[Fatigue]], [[weight loss]]
:*Limited ability to tolerate exercise

Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.

==What causes Teratoma?==
It is often located in the chest area. Most malignant teratomas can spread throughout the body, and have spread by the time of diagnosis.

A number of other cancers are often associated with these tumors, including:

*[[Acute myelogenous leukemia]] (AML)
*Embryonal [[rhabdomyosarcoma]]
*Malignant [[histiocytosis]]
*[[Myelodysplasia]] (MDS)
*[[Small cell carcinoma|Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma]]

==Who is at highest risk?==
Teratoma occurs most often in young men in their 20s - 30s

==When to seek urgent medical care?==
Call your health care provider if symptoms of teratoma develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:

:*[[Shortness of breath]]
:*Severe [[abdominal pain]]
:*A large amount of [[bleeding]] from the vagina

==Treatment options==
The health care provider will perform a physical exam, which may reveal signs of congestive heart failure and increased pressure in the chest area.

The following tests help diagnose the tumor:
:*Blood tests to check beta-HCG and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels: For patients with teratoma, the two levela may be much higher than normal.
:*Computed tomograph scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis: CT scans are often used to diagnose teratoma. It can confirm the location of the cancer and show the organs nearby, as well as lymph nodes and distant organs where the cancer might have spread. These are helpful for determining the stage of the cancer and in determining whether surgery is a good treatment option.
<div align="left">
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:Germ-cell-tumor-001.jpg|CT shows [[Mediastinal germ cell tumor | Mediastinal Teratoma]]
</gallery>
</div>
:*Mediastinoscopy, laparoscopes with [[biopsy]]

Patients with teratoma have many treatment options. The selection depends on the stage of the tumor. The options are surgery and chemotherapy, or a combination of these methods. Before treatment starts, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. Because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. [[Side effect]] may not be the same for each person, and they may change from one treatment session to the next.

:*[[Surgery]]: If the teratoma has not spread and the patient's general health is available, the surgery may be recommened.
:*[[Chemotherapy]]: The treatment is to use drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Usual used drugs are cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin.

==Diseases with similar symptoms==
Different locational teratomas show different symptoms and signs.

'''Teratoma in genital gland''' needs to differ from
:*[[Ovarian cancer]]
:*[[Ovarian cysts]]

'''Mediastinal teratoma''' needs to differ from
:*[[Thymoma]]
:*[[Lung cancer]]

'''Sacrococcygeal teratoma''' needs to differ from
:*[[Meningocele]]

==Where to find medical care for Teratoma?==

[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|teratoma}}}}&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=65.008093,112.148438&ie=UTF8&ll=37.0625,-95.677068&spn=91.690419,149.414063&z=2&source=embed Directions to Hospitals Treating teratoma]

==Prevention of Teratoma==
Because the cause is not clear, the preventive measure is unknown.

==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
The prognosis of teratoma depends on the following:

:*Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery.
:*The size and location of the tumor
:*The patient’s general health

==Possible complications==
The cancer can spread throughout the body and there may be complications of surgery or related to chemotherapy.

==Sources==
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001316.htm

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Patient information]]
[[Category:Oncology patient information]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma natural history

2019-11-25T20:35:16Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}

==Overview==
The prognosis of teratoma depends on the type of tumor and malignant transformation. Mature teratoma is begnin and has an excellent prognosis compared to immature teratoma which has a favorable prognosis.The 6 year survival rate of patients with mature teratoma is approximately 96%. The overall 5 years survival rate of patient with immature teratoma is 90% and 75% for stage II-IV.Common complications are malignant transformation, rupture, torsion, and hemolytic anemia.
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==

===Natural History===
*The symptoms of teratoma depends on the locations of the tumors.

===Complications===
*Common complications of teratoma specially ovarian teratoma include:<ref name="pmid18635624">{{cite journal| author=Park SB, Kim JK, Kim KR, Cho KS| title=Imaging findings of complications and unusual manifestations of ovarian teratomas. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 969-83 | pmid=18635624 | doi=10.1148/rg.284075069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18635624 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8008317">Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature.] ''Obstet Gynecol'' 84 (1):22-8. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8008317 8008317]</ref><ref name="pmid2841767">{{cite journal| author=Singh P, Yordan EL, Wilbanks GD, Miller AW, Wee A| title=Malignancy associated with benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts) of the ovary. | journal=Singapore Med J | year= 1988 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-4 | pmid=2841767 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2841767 }} </ref>
**Torsion
**Rupture
**Malignant transformation
**Infections
**Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

===Prognosis===
*Mature teratoma has an excellent prognosis.<ref name="pmid25631333">{{cite journal| author=Terenziani M, D'Angelo P, Inserra A, Boldrini R, Bisogno G, Babbo GL et al.| title=Mature and immature teratoma: A report from the second Italian pediatric study. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2015 | volume= 62 | issue= 7 | pages= 1202-8 | pmid=25631333 | doi=10.1002/pbc.25423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25631333 }} </ref>
*The 6 year survival rate of patients with mature teratoma is approximately 96%.<ref name="pmid9607423">{{cite journal| author=Göbel U, Calaminus G, Engert J, Kaatsch P, Gadner H, Bökkerink JP et al.| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. | journal=Med Pediatr Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-15 | pmid=9607423 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199807)31:1<8::aid-mpo2>3.0.co;2-h | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9607423 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma has favorable prognosis for stage I and poor for advance stages.<ref name="pmid18541896">Mann JR, Gray ES, Thornton C, Raafat F, Robinson K, Collins GS et al. (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18541896 Mature and immature extracranial teratomas in children: the UK Children's Cancer Study Group Experience.] ''J Clin Oncol'' 26 (21):3590-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0622 DOI:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0622] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18541896 18541896]</ref>
*Immature teratoma has 90%-95% of 5 years of survival rate for stage I and 75 % for stage II-IV.<ref name="pmid18541896">Mann JR, Gray ES, Thornton C, Raafat F, Robinson K, Collins GS et al. (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18541896 Mature and immature extracranial teratomas in children: the UK Children's Cancer Study Group Experience.] ''J Clin Oncol'' 26 (21):3590-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0622 DOI:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0622] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18541896 18541896]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma natural history

2019-11-25T19:39:37Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}

==Overview==
The prognosis of teratoma depends on the type of tumor and malignant transformation. Mature teratoma is begnin and has an excellent prognosis compared to immature teratoma which has a favorable prognosis.The 6 year survival rate of patients with mature teratoma is approximately 96%. The overall 5 years survival rate of patient with immature teratoma is 90% and 75% for stage III and IV.Common complications are malignant transformation, rupture, torsion, and hemolytic anemia.
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==

===Natural History===
*The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
*The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
*If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

===Complications===
*Common complications of teratoma specially ovarian teratoma include:<ref name="pmid18635624">{{cite journal| author=Park SB, Kim JK, Kim KR, Cho KS| title=Imaging findings of complications and unusual manifestations of ovarian teratomas. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 969-83 | pmid=18635624 | doi=10.1148/rg.284075069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18635624 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8008317">Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature.] ''Obstet Gynecol'' 84 (1):22-8. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8008317 8008317]</ref><ref name="pmid2841767">{{cite journal| author=Singh P, Yordan EL, Wilbanks GD, Miller AW, Wee A| title=Malignancy associated with benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts) of the ovary. | journal=Singapore Med J | year= 1988 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-4 | pmid=2841767 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2841767 }} </ref>
**Torsion
**Rupture
**Malignant transformation
**Infections
**Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

===Prognosis===
*Mature teratoma has an excellent prognosis.<ref name="pmid25631333">{{cite journal| author=Terenziani M, D'Angelo P, Inserra A, Boldrini R, Bisogno G, Babbo GL et al.| title=Mature and immature teratoma: A report from the second Italian pediatric study. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2015 | volume= 62 | issue= 7 | pages= 1202-8 | pmid=25631333 | doi=10.1002/pbc.25423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25631333 }} </ref>
*The 6 year survival rate of patients with mature teratoma is approximately 96%.<ref name="pmid9607423">{{cite journal| author=Göbel U, Calaminus G, Engert J, Kaatsch P, Gadner H, Bökkerink JP et al.| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. | journal=Med Pediatr Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-15 | pmid=9607423 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199807)31:1<8::aid-mpo2>3.0.co;2-h | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9607423 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma has favorable prognosis for stage I and poor for advance stages.<ref name="pmid18541896">Mann JR, Gray ES, Thornton C, Raafat F, Robinson K, Collins GS et al. (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18541896 Mature and immature extracranial teratomas in children: the UK Children's Cancer Study Group Experience.] ''J Clin Oncol'' 26 (21):3590-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0622 DOI:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0622] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18541896 18541896]</ref>
*Immature teratoma has 90%-95% of 5 years of survival rate for stage I and 75 % for stage II-IV.<ref name="pmid18541896">Mann JR, Gray ES, Thornton C, Raafat F, Robinson K, Collins GS et al. (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18541896 Mature and immature extracranial teratomas in children: the UK Children's Cancer Study Group Experience.] ''J Clin Oncol'' 26 (21):3590-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0622 DOI:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.0622] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18541896 18541896]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma natural history

2019-11-25T19:28:16Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}

==Overview==
The prognosis of teratoma depends on the type of tumor and malignant transformation. Mature teratoma is begnin and has an excellent prognosis compared to immature teratoma which has a favorable prognosis.The 6 year survival rate of patients with mature teratoma is approximately 96%. The overall 5 years survival rate of patient with immature teratoma is 90% and 75% for stage III and IV.Common complications are malignant transformation, rupture, torsion, and hemolytic anemia.
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==

===Natural History===
*The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
*The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
*If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

===Complications===
*Common complications of teratoma specially ovarian teratoma include:<ref name="pmid18635624">{{cite journal| author=Park SB, Kim JK, Kim KR, Cho KS| title=Imaging findings of complications and unusual manifestations of ovarian teratomas. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 969-83 | pmid=18635624 | doi=10.1148/rg.284075069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18635624 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8008317">Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature.] ''Obstet Gynecol'' 84 (1):22-8. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8008317 8008317]</ref><ref name="pmid2841767">{{cite journal| author=Singh P, Yordan EL, Wilbanks GD, Miller AW, Wee A| title=Malignancy associated with benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts) of the ovary. | journal=Singapore Med J | year= 1988 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-4 | pmid=2841767 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2841767 }} </ref>
**Torsion
**Rupture
**Malignant transformation
**Infections
**Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

===Prognosis===
*Mature teratoma has an excellent prognosis.<ref name="pmid25631333">{{cite journal| author=Terenziani M, D'Angelo P, Inserra A, Boldrini R, Bisogno G, Babbo GL et al.| title=Mature and immature teratoma: A report from the second Italian pediatric study. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2015 | volume= 62 | issue= 7 | pages= 1202-8 | pmid=25631333 | doi=10.1002/pbc.25423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25631333 }} </ref>
*The 6 year survival rate of patients with mature teratoma is approximately 96%.<ref name="pmid9607423">{{cite journal| author=Göbel U, Calaminus G, Engert J, Kaatsch P, Gadner H, Bökkerink JP et al.| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. | journal=Med Pediatr Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-15 | pmid=9607423 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199807)31:1<8::aid-mpo2>3.0.co;2-h | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9607423 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma has favorable prognosis.
*Immature teratoma has 90% of 5 years of survival rate for stage I and 75 % for stage III and IV.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma natural history

2019-11-25T19:14:51Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma natural history

2019-11-25T18:58:03Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma natural history

2019-11-25T18:35:58Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma natural history

2019-11-25T17:21:01Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-22T20:19:53Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.
==Surgery==
*Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for mature teratoma and immature teratoma stage I in children.<ref name="pmid6684416">{{cite journal| author=Tapper D, Lack EE| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1983 | volume= 198 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-410 | pmid=6684416 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198309000-00016 | pmc=1353316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6684416 }} </ref><ref name="GöbelSchneider2000">{{cite journal|last1=Göbel|first1=U.|last2=Schneider|first2=D. T.|last3=Calaminus|first3=G.|last4=Haas|first4=R. J.|last5=Schmidt|first5=P.|last6=Harms|first6=D.|title=Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=11|issue=3|year=2000|pages=263–271|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1023/A:1008360523160}}</ref><ref name="pmid10561269">{{cite journal| author=Marina NM, Cushing B, Giller R, Cohen L, Lauer SJ, Ablin A et al.| title=Complete surgical excision is effective treatment for children with immature teratomas with or without malignant elements: A Pediatric Oncology Group/Children's Cancer Group Intergroup Study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 7 | pages= 2137-43 | pmid=10561269 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1999.17.7.2137 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10561269 }} </ref>
*Observation after surgery is very important with serial of follow up exams and serum alpha fetoprotein.<ref name="pmid27786428">{{cite journal| author=Egler RA, Gosiengfiao Y, Russell H, Wickiser JE, Frazier AL| title=Is surgical resection and observation sufficient for stage I and II sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors? A case series and review. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 64 | issue= 5 | pages= | pmid=27786428 | doi=10.1002/pbc.26311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27786428 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29447817">{{cite journal| author=Dharmarajan H, Rouillard-Bazinet N, Chandy BM| title=Mature and immature pediatric head and neck teratomas: A 15-year review at a large tertiary center. | journal=Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2018 | volume= 105 | issue= | pages= 43-47 | pmid=29447817 | doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.11.031 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29447817 }} </ref>
*Surgery with fertility sparing and chemotherapy are indicated for immature teratoma stage II-IV in aldults.<ref name="pmid1260722">{{cite journal| author=Norris HJ, Zirkin HJ, Benson WL| title=Immature (malignant) teratoma of the ovary: a clinical and pathologic study of 58 cases. | journal=Cancer | year= 1976 | volume= 37 | issue= 5 | pages= 2359-72 | pmid=1260722 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197605)37:5<2359::aid-cncr2820370528>3.0.co;2-q | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1260722 }} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-22T20:16:17Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.
==Surgery==
*Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for mature teratoma and immature teratoma stage I in children.<ref name="pmid6684416">{{cite journal| author=Tapper D, Lack EE| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1983 | volume= 198 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-410 | pmid=6684416 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198309000-00016 | pmc=1353316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6684416 }} </ref><ref name="GöbelSchneider2000">{{cite journal|last1=Göbel|first1=U.|last2=Schneider|first2=D. T.|last3=Calaminus|first3=G.|last4=Haas|first4=R. J.|last5=Schmidt|first5=P.|last6=Harms|first6=D.|title=Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=11|issue=3|year=2000|pages=263–271|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1023/A:1008360523160}}</ref><ref name="pmid10561269">{{cite journal| author=Marina NM, Cushing B, Giller R, Cohen L, Lauer SJ, Ablin A et al.| title=Complete surgical excision is effective treatment for children with immature teratomas with or without malignant elements: A Pediatric Oncology Group/Children's Cancer Group Intergroup Study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 7 | pages= 2137-43 | pmid=10561269 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1999.17.7.2137 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10561269 }} </ref>
*Observation after surgery is very important with serial of follow up exams and serum alpha fetoprotein.<ref name="pmid27786428">{{cite journal| author=Egler RA, Gosiengfiao Y, Russell H, Wickiser JE, Frazier AL| title=Is surgical resection and observation sufficient for stage I and II sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors? A case series and review. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 64 | issue= 5 | pages= | pmid=27786428 | doi=10.1002/pbc.26311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27786428 }} </ref>
*Surgery with fertility sparing and chemotherapy are indicated for immature teratoma stage II-IV in aldults.<ref name="pmid1260722">{{cite journal| author=Norris HJ, Zirkin HJ, Benson WL| title=Immature (malignant) teratoma of the ovary: a clinical and pathologic study of 58 cases. | journal=Cancer | year= 1976 | volume= 37 | issue= 5 | pages= 2359-72 | pmid=1260722 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197605)37:5<2359::aid-cncr2820370528>3.0.co;2-q | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1260722 }} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-22T19:51:59Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.
==Surgery==
*Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for mature and immature teratoma stage I.<ref name="pmid6684416">{{cite journal| author=Tapper D, Lack EE| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1983 | volume= 198 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-410 | pmid=6684416 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198309000-00016 | pmc=1353316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6684416 }} </ref><ref name="GöbelSchneider2000">{{cite journal|last1=Göbel|first1=U.|last2=Schneider|first2=D. T.|last3=Calaminus|first3=G.|last4=Haas|first4=R. J.|last5=Schmidt|first5=P.|last6=Harms|first6=D.|title=Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=11|issue=3|year=2000|pages=263–271|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1023/A:1008360523160}}</ref>
*Observation after surgery is very important with serial of follow up exams and serum alpha fetoprotein.<ref name="pmid27786428">{{cite journal| author=Egler RA, Gosiengfiao Y, Russell H, Wickiser JE, Frazier AL| title=Is surgical resection and observation sufficient for stage I and II sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors? A case series and review. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 64 | issue= 5 | pages= | pmid=27786428 | doi=10.1002/pbc.26311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27786428 }} </ref>
*Surgery and chemotherapy are indicated for immature teratoma stage II-IV in aldults.<ref name="pmid1260722">{{cite journal| author=Norris HJ, Zirkin HJ, Benson WL| title=Immature (malignant) teratoma of the ovary: a clinical and pathologic study of 58 cases. | journal=Cancer | year= 1976 | volume= 37 | issue= 5 | pages= 2359-72 | pmid=1260722 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197605)37:5<2359::aid-cncr2820370528>3.0.co;2-q | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1260722 }} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-22T18:13:41Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma. The surgery intervention depends on the involvement of the sacrococcygeal site.
==Surgical Options==
*Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.<ref name="pmid6684416">{{cite journal| author=Tapper D, Lack EE| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1983 | volume= 198 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-410 | pmid=6684416 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198309000-00016 | pmc=1353316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6684416 }} </ref><ref name="GöbelSchneider2000">{{cite journal|last1=Göbel|first1=U.|last2=Schneider|first2=D. T.|last3=Calaminus|first3=G.|last4=Haas|first4=R. J.|last5=Schmidt|first5=P.|last6=Harms|first6=D.|title=Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=11|issue=3|year=2000|pages=263–271|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1023/A:1008360523160}}</ref>
===Mature teratoma===
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-22T18:09:18Z

Gertrude Djouka:

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma. The surgery intervention depends on the involvement of the sacrococcygeal site.
==Surgical Options==
*Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.<ref name="pmid6684416">{{cite journal| author=Tapper D, Lack EE| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1983 | volume= 198 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-410 | pmid=6684416 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198309000-00016 | pmc=1353316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6684416 }} </ref><ref name="GöbelSchneider2000">{{cite journal|last1=Göbel|first1=U.|last2=Schneider|first2=D. T.|last3=Calaminus|first3=G.|last4=Haas|first4=R. J.|last5=Schmidt|first5=P.|last6=Harms|first6=D.|title=Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=11|issue=3|year=2000|pages=263–271|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1023/A:1008360523160}}</ref>
===Mature teratoma===
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-22T18:06:17Z

Gertrude Djouka:

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
{{Teratoma}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma. The surgery intervention depends on the involvement of the sacrococcygeal site.
==Surgical Options==
*Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.<ref name="pmid6684416">{{cite journal| author=Tapper D, Lack EE| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1983 | volume= 198 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-410 | pmid=6684416 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198309000-00016 | pmc=1353316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6684416 }} </ref><ref name="GöbelSchneider2000">{{cite journal|last1=Göbel|first1=U.|last2=Schneider|first2=D. T.|last3=Calaminus|first3=G.|last4=Haas|first4=R. J.|last5=Schmidt|first5=P.|last6=Harms|first6=D.|title=Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=11|issue=3|year=2000|pages=263–271|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1023/A:1008360523160}}</ref>
===Mature teratoma===
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-18T19:46:11Z

Gertrude Djouka:

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
{{Teratoma}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.
==Surgical Options==
*Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.<ref name="pmid6684416">{{cite journal| author=Tapper D, Lack EE| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1983 | volume= 198 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-410 | pmid=6684416 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198309000-00016 | pmc=1353316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6684416 }} </ref><ref name="GöbelSchneider2000">{{cite journal|last1=Göbel|first1=U.|last2=Schneider|first2=D. T.|last3=Calaminus|first3=G.|last4=Haas|first4=R. J.|last5=Schmidt|first5=P.|last6=Harms|first6=D.|title=Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence|journal=Annals of Oncology|volume=11|issue=3|year=2000|pages=263–271|issn=0923-7534|doi=10.1023/A:1008360523160}}</ref>
.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-18T19:33:46Z

Gertrude Djouka:

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
{{Teratoma}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.
==Surgical Options==
*Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment for teratoma.<ref name="pmid6684416">{{cite journal| author=Tapper D, Lack EE| title=Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1983 | volume= 198 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-410 | pmid=6684416 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198309000-00016 | pmc=1353316 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6684416 }} </ref>
<ref>[http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/11/3/263 ''Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence. GPOH MAKEI and the MAHO study groups'' Göbel et al (2000) Ann Oncol. 11(3): 263-271]</ref> Teratomas normally are well encapsulated and non-invasive of surrounding tissues, hence they are relatively easy to resect from surrounding tissues. Exceptions include teratomas in the brain, and very large, complex teratomas that have pushed into and become interlaced with adjacent muscles and other structures.

Prevention of recurrence does not require ''en bloc'' resection of surrounding tissues.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma surgery

2019-11-18T18:41:26Z

Gertrude Djouka:

{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
{{Teratoma}}

==Overview==

==Surgical Options==
The treatment of choice is complete surgical removal (i.e., complete resection).<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=6684416 ''Teratomas in infancy and childhood. A 54-year experience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center'' Tapper and Lack (1983) Ann Surg. 198(3): 398–410]</ref><ref>[http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/11/3/263 ''Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence. GPOH MAKEI and the MAHO study groups'' Göbel et al (2000) Ann Oncol. 11(3): 263-271]</ref> Teratomas normally are well encapsulated and non-invasive of surrounding tissues, hence they are relatively easy to resect from surrounding tissues. Exceptions include teratomas in the brain, and very large, complex teratomas that have pushed into and become interlaced with adjacent muscles and other structures.

Prevention of recurrence does not require ''en bloc'' resection of surrounding tissues.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma epidemiology and demographics

2019-11-18T17:48:31Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence of mature teratoma is approximately 1.2-14.2 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid3166898">{{cite journal| author=Westhoff C, Pike M, Vessey M| title=Benign ovarian teratomas: a population-based case-control study. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 1988 | volume= 58 | issue= 1 | pages= 93-8 | pmid=3166898 | doi=10.1038/bjc.1988.171 | pmc=2246492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3166898 }} </ref>

===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

===Age===
*Immature is mostly seen in younger patients and postpubertal males.<ref name="pmid30256256">{{cite journal| author=Kao CS, Bangs CD, Aldrete G, Cherry AM, Ulbright TM| title=A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 34 Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors Suggesting Different Modes of Teratoma Development. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2018 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1662-1673 | pmid=30256256 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001164 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30256256 }} </ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma commonly affects aldolescent, but it occurs in all age groups.<ref name="pmid30256256">{{cite journal| author=Kao CS, Bangs CD, Aldrete G, Cherry AM, Ulbright TM| title=A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 34 Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors Suggesting Different Modes of Teratoma Development. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2018 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1662-1673 | pmid=30256256 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001164 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30256256 }} </ref>

===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma epidemiology and demographics

2019-11-17T10:18:53Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence of mature teratoma is approximately 1.2-14.2 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid3166898">{{cite journal| author=Westhoff C, Pike M, Vessey M| title=Benign ovarian teratomas: a population-based case-control study. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 1988 | volume= 58 | issue= 1 | pages= 93-8 | pmid=3166898 | doi=10.1038/bjc.1988.171 | pmc=2246492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3166898 }} </ref>
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

===Age===
*Immature is mostly seen in younger patients and postpubertal males.<ref name="pmid30256256">{{cite journal| author=Kao CS, Bangs CD, Aldrete G, Cherry AM, Ulbright TM| title=A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 34 Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors Suggesting Different Modes of Teratoma Development. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2018 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1662-1673 | pmid=30256256 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001164 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30256256 }} </ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma commonly affects aldolescent, but it occurs in all age groups.<ref name="pmid30256256">{{cite journal| author=Kao CS, Bangs CD, Aldrete G, Cherry AM, Ulbright TM| title=A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 34 Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors Suggesting Different Modes of Teratoma Development. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2018 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1662-1673 | pmid=30256256 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001164 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30256256 }} </ref>

===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma epidemiology and demographics

2019-11-17T10:12:56Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence of mature teratoma is approximately 1.2-14.2 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid3166898">{{cite journal| author=Westhoff C, Pike M, Vessey M| title=Benign ovarian teratomas: a population-based case-control study. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 1988 | volume= 58 | issue= 1 | pages= 93-8 | pmid=3166898 | doi=10.1038/bjc.1988.171 | pmc=2246492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3166898 }} </ref>
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

===Age===
*Immature is mostly seen in postpubertal males.<ref name="pmid30256256">{{cite journal| author=Kao CS, Bangs CD, Aldrete G, Cherry AM, Ulbright TM| title=A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 34 Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors Suggesting Different Modes of Teratoma Development. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2018 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1662-1673 | pmid=30256256 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001164 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30256256 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma commonly affects aldolescent, but it occurs in all age groups.<ref name="pmid30256256">{{cite journal| author=Kao CS, Bangs CD, Aldrete G, Cherry AM, Ulbright TM| title=A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 34 Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors Suggesting Different Modes of Teratoma Development. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2018 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1662-1673 | pmid=30256256 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001164 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30256256 }} </ref>

===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-17T09:58:58Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Immunohistochemistry==
*Neuronal element found in mature or immature teratoma are positive for:<ref name="pmid16306792">{{cite journal| author=Yoshikata R, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi M, Ota H| title=Immunohistochemical characteristics of mature ovarian cystic teratomas in patients with postoperative recurrence. | journal=Int J Gynecol Pathol | year= 2006 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 95-100 | pmid=16306792 | doi=10.1097/01.pgp.0000172082.17805.6c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16306792 }} </ref><ref name="TakayamaMatsumura2015">{{cite journal|last1=Takayama|first1=Yoshiyasu|last2=Matsumura|first2=Nozomi|last3=Nobusawa|first3=Sumihito|last4=Ikota|first4=Hayato|last5=Minegishi|first5=Takashi|last6=Yokoo|first6=Hideaki|title=Immunophenotypic features of immaturity of neural elements in ovarian teratoma|journal=Virchows Archiv|volume=468|issue=3|year=2015|pages=337–343|issn=0945-6317|doi=10.1007/s00428-015-1891-8}}</ref>
** [[Glial fibrillary acidic protein]] (GFAP)
** Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
** [[S-100 protein|S-100]]
*Carcinoid tumor found in the monodermal teratoma may be positive for:<ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref>
** Serotonin and peptides hormones.
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5100397">{{cite journal| author=Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G| title=An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1971 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-8 | pmid=5100397 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197102)27:2<343::aid-cncr2820270215>3.0.co;2-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5100397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4722922">{{cite journal| author=Wisniewski M, Deppisch LM| title=Solid teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1973 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=4722922 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197308)32:2<440::aid-cncr2820320222>3.0.co;2-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4722922 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9264351">{{cite journal| author=Moran CA, Suster S| title=Primary germ cell tumors of the mediastinum: I. Analysis of 322 cases with special emphasis on teratomatous lesions and a proposal for histopathologic classification and clinical staging. | journal=Cancer | year= 1997 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 681-90 | pmid=9264351 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9264351 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30256256">{{cite journal| author=Kao CS, Bangs CD, Aldrete G, Cherry AM, Ulbright TM| title=A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of 34 Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors Suggesting Different Modes of Teratoma Development. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2018 | volume= 42 | issue= 12 | pages= 1662-1673 | pmid=30256256 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001164 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30256256 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
*Soft, tan, measured about 3 to 21 cm in diameter
|
*Contains three embryonic layers (misoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm)
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
*No cytology atypia
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*Tends to be larger than mature cystic teratoma
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*Cytology atypia
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma epidemiology and demographics

2019-11-11T11:13:43Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence of mature teratoma is approximately 1.2-14.2 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid3166898">{{cite journal| author=Westhoff C, Pike M, Vessey M| title=Benign ovarian teratomas: a population-based case-control study. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 1988 | volume= 58 | issue= 1 | pages= 93-8 | pmid=3166898 | doi=10.1038/bjc.1988.171 | pmc=2246492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3166898 }} </ref>
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma epidemiology and demographics

2019-11-11T11:07:04Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-11T11:04:45Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Immunohistochemistry==
*Neuronal element found in mature or immature teratoma are positive for:<ref name="pmid16306792">{{cite journal| author=Yoshikata R, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi M, Ota H| title=Immunohistochemical characteristics of mature ovarian cystic teratomas in patients with postoperative recurrence. | journal=Int J Gynecol Pathol | year= 2006 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 95-100 | pmid=16306792 | doi=10.1097/01.pgp.0000172082.17805.6c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16306792 }} </ref><ref name="TakayamaMatsumura2015">{{cite journal|last1=Takayama|first1=Yoshiyasu|last2=Matsumura|first2=Nozomi|last3=Nobusawa|first3=Sumihito|last4=Ikota|first4=Hayato|last5=Minegishi|first5=Takashi|last6=Yokoo|first6=Hideaki|title=Immunophenotypic features of immaturity of neural elements in ovarian teratoma|journal=Virchows Archiv|volume=468|issue=3|year=2015|pages=337–343|issn=0945-6317|doi=10.1007/s00428-015-1891-8}}</ref>
** [[Glial fibrillary acidic protein]] (GFAP)
** Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
** [[S-100 protein|S-100]]
*Carcinoid tumor found in the monodermal teratoma may be positive for:<ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref>
** Serotonin and peptides hormones.
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5100397">{{cite journal| author=Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G| title=An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1971 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-8 | pmid=5100397 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197102)27:2<343::aid-cncr2820270215>3.0.co;2-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5100397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4722922">{{cite journal| author=Wisniewski M, Deppisch LM| title=Solid teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1973 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=4722922 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197308)32:2<440::aid-cncr2820320222>3.0.co;2-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4722922 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*Tends to be larger than mature cystic teratoma
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-11T11:03:33Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Immunohistochemistry==
*Neuronal element found in mature or immature teratoma are positive for:<ref name="pmid16306792">{{cite journal| author=Yoshikata R, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi M, Ota H| title=Immunohistochemical characteristics of mature ovarian cystic teratomas in patients with postoperative recurrence. | journal=Int J Gynecol Pathol | year= 2006 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 95-100 | pmid=16306792 | doi=10.1097/01.pgp.0000172082.17805.6c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16306792 }} </ref><ref name="TakayamaMatsumura2015">{{cite journal|last1=Takayama|first1=Yoshiyasu|last2=Matsumura|first2=Nozomi|last3=Nobusawa|first3=Sumihito|last4=Ikota|first4=Hayato|last5=Minegishi|first5=Takashi|last6=Yokoo|first6=Hideaki|title=Immunophenotypic features of immaturity of neural elements in ovarian teratoma|journal=Virchows Archiv|volume=468|issue=3|year=2015|pages=337–343|issn=0945-6317|doi=10.1007/s00428-015-1891-8}}</ref>
** [[Glial fibrillary acidic protein]] (GFAP)
** Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
** [[S-100 protein|S-100]]
*Carcinoid tumor found in the monodermal teratoma may be positive for:<ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref>
** Serotonin and peptides hormones.

==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5100397">{{cite journal| author=Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G| title=An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1971 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-8 | pmid=5100397 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197102)27:2<343::aid-cncr2820270215>3.0.co;2-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5100397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4722922">{{cite journal| author=Wisniewski M, Deppisch LM| title=Solid teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1973 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=4722922 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197308)32:2<440::aid-cncr2820320222>3.0.co;2-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4722922 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*Tends to be larger than mature cystic teratoma
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-11T09:59:08Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Immunohistochemistry==
*Neuronal element found in mature or immature teratoma are positive for:<ref name="pmid16306792">{{cite journal| author=Yoshikata R, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi M, Ota H| title=Immunohistochemical characteristics of mature ovarian cystic teratomas in patients with postoperative recurrence. | journal=Int J Gynecol Pathol | year= 2006 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 95-100 | pmid=16306792 | doi=10.1097/01.pgp.0000172082.17805.6c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16306792 }} </ref><ref name="TakayamaMatsumura2015">{{cite journal|last1=Takayama|first1=Yoshiyasu|last2=Matsumura|first2=Nozomi|last3=Nobusawa|first3=Sumihito|last4=Ikota|first4=Hayato|last5=Minegishi|first5=Takashi|last6=Yokoo|first6=Hideaki|title=Immunophenotypic features of immaturity of neural elements in ovarian teratoma|journal=Virchows Archiv|volume=468|issue=3|year=2015|pages=337–343|issn=0945-6317|doi=10.1007/s00428-015-1891-8}}</ref>
** [[Glial fibrillary acidic protein]] (GFAP)
** Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
** [[S-100 protein|S-100]]
*Carcinoid tumor found in the monodermal teratoma may be positive for:<ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref>
** Serotonin

==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5100397">{{cite journal| author=Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G| title=An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1971 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-8 | pmid=5100397 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197102)27:2<343::aid-cncr2820270215>3.0.co;2-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5100397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4722922">{{cite journal| author=Wisniewski M, Deppisch LM| title=Solid teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1973 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=4722922 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197308)32:2<440::aid-cncr2820320222>3.0.co;2-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4722922 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*Tends to be larger than mature cystic teratoma
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-11T09:34:27Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Immunohistochemistry==
*Neuronal element found in mature or immature teratoma are positive for:<ref name="pmid16306792">{{cite journal| author=Yoshikata R, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi M, Ota H| title=Immunohistochemical characteristics of mature ovarian cystic teratomas in patients with postoperative recurrence. | journal=Int J Gynecol Pathol | year= 2006 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 95-100 | pmid=16306792 | doi=10.1097/01.pgp.0000172082.17805.6c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16306792 }} </ref><ref name="TakayamaMatsumura2015">{{cite journal|last1=Takayama|first1=Yoshiyasu|last2=Matsumura|first2=Nozomi|last3=Nobusawa|first3=Sumihito|last4=Ikota|first4=Hayato|last5=Minegishi|first5=Takashi|last6=Yokoo|first6=Hideaki|title=Immunophenotypic features of immaturity of neural elements in ovarian teratoma|journal=Virchows Archiv|volume=468|issue=3|year=2015|pages=337–343|issn=0945-6317|doi=10.1007/s00428-015-1891-8}}</ref>
** [[Glial fibrillary acidic protein]] (GFAP)
** neuron specific enolase (NSE)
** [[S-100 protein|S-100]]
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5100397">{{cite journal| author=Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G| title=An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1971 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-8 | pmid=5100397 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197102)27:2<343::aid-cncr2820270215>3.0.co;2-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5100397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4722922">{{cite journal| author=Wisniewski M, Deppisch LM| title=Solid teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1973 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=4722922 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197308)32:2<440::aid-cncr2820320222>3.0.co;2-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4722922 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*Tends to be larger than mature cystic teratoma
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-11T09:32:14Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Immunohistochemistry==
*Neuronal element found in mature or immature teratoma are positive for:<ref name="pmid16306792">{{cite journal| author=Yoshikata R, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi M, Ota H| title=Immunohistochemical characteristics of mature ovarian cystic teratomas in patients with postoperative recurrence. | journal=Int J Gynecol Pathol | year= 2006 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 95-100 | pmid=16306792 | doi=10.1097/01.pgp.0000172082.17805.6c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16306792 }} </ref><ref name="TakayamaMatsumura2015">{{cite journal|last1=Takayama|first1=Yoshiyasu|last2=Matsumura|first2=Nozomi|last3=Nobusawa|first3=Sumihito|last4=Ikota|first4=Hayato|last5=Minegishi|first5=Takashi|last6=Yokoo|first6=Hideaki|title=Immunophenotypic features of immaturity of neural elements in ovarian teratoma|journal=Virchows Archiv|volume=468|issue=3|year=2015|pages=337–343|issn=0945-6317|doi=10.1007/s00428-015-1891-8}}</ref>
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5100397">{{cite journal| author=Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G| title=An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1971 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-8 | pmid=5100397 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197102)27:2<343::aid-cncr2820270215>3.0.co;2-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5100397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4722922">{{cite journal| author=Wisniewski M, Deppisch LM| title=Solid teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1973 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=4722922 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197308)32:2<440::aid-cncr2820320222>3.0.co;2-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4722922 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*Tends to be larger than mature cystic teratoma
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma differential diagnosis

2019-11-08T19:30:17Z

Gertrude Djouka:

[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Teratoma]]

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
===Differentiating teratoma cancer from other diseases on the basis of age of onset, vaginal discharge and constitutional symptoms===

On the basis of age of onset, [[vaginal discharge]], and constitutional symptoms, teratoma must be differentiated from [[tubo-ovarian abscess]], [[ectopic pregnancy]], [[hydrosalpinx]], [[salpingitis]], [[fallopian tube]] [[carcinoma]], [[uterine leiomyoma]], [[choriocarcinoma]], [[leiomyosarcoma]], [[pregnancy]], [[Appendix|appendiceal]] [[abscess]], [[Appendiceal cancer|appendiceal neoplasm]], [[diverticular abscess]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[pelvic kidney]], advanced [[bladder cancer]], and [[retroperitoneal]] [[sarcoma]].<ref name="pmid20505067" /><ref name="pmid2455880" /><ref name="Southam1962" /><ref name="NguyenReid1986" /><ref name="JungLee20022" /><ref name="ImaiKiyozuka1990" /><ref name="pmid15087669" /><ref name="pmid22405464" /><ref name="pmid9850171" /><ref name="pmid11075847" /><ref name="JungLee2002" /><ref name="pmid9848302" /><ref name="KinkelFrei2005" /><ref name="de ZieglerBorghese2010" /><ref name="KawaiKano1992" /><ref name="DunzendorferdeLAS MORENAS1999" /><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001" /><ref name="SabaGuerriero2009" /><ref name="DganiShoham(Schwartz)1988" /><ref name="pmid8188914" /><ref name="Yang2000" /><ref name="LevitinHaller1996" /><ref name="TalermanHaije1974" /><ref name="pmid13148256" /><ref name="SivanesaratnamDutta1990" /><ref name="AbadCazorla1999" /><ref name="YaghoobianPinck1983" /><ref name="LiZhang2012" /><ref name="ProctorGreeley1951" /><ref name="pmid17945423" /><ref name="StenwigHazekamp1979" /><ref name="pmid9386298" /><ref name="pmid10227493" /><ref name="LantzschStoerer2001" /><ref name="JungRha2005" /><ref name="ShevchukFenoglio1980" /><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman1998" /><ref name="pmid8626898" /><ref name="pmid17076540" /><ref name="LandersSweet1983" /><ref name="Stewart TaylorMcMillan1975" /><ref name="HaLim1995" /><ref name="pmid12854857" /><ref name="Barnhart2009" /><ref name="KimRha2009" /><ref name="pmid7938766" /><ref name="ChanellesDucarme2011" /><ref name="pmid7976247" /><ref name="NiloffKlug1984" /><ref name="BullettiDe Ziegler1999" /><ref name="MuraseSiegelman1999" /><ref name="SecklFisher2000" /><ref name="NishikawaKaseki1985" /><ref name="pmid558566" /><ref name="pmid16114202" /><ref name="SekiHoshihara1992" /><ref name="pmid17009628" /><ref name="PattaniKier1995" /><ref name="McLeodZornoza1984" /><ref name="RobboyBentley2000" /><ref name="CacctatoreTttttnen1990" /><ref name="pmid16037513" /><ref name="WHO" /><ref name="GoedeCaplin2003" /><ref name="Pablo CarmignaniHampton2004" /><ref name="pmid20587792" /><ref name="pmid2886072" /><ref name="ZhuKaneshiro2010" /><ref name="pmid10528904" /><ref name="pmid21037809" /><ref name="pmid2014406" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="WeizerSpringhart2005" /><ref name="RossKay1998" /><ref name="pmid8797968" /><ref name="pmid18660854" /><ref name="pmid10918764" /><ref name="pmid2064467" /><ref name="pmid16154826" /><ref name="SilversteinWakim1964" /><ref name="pmid20644672" />

{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Diseases
| colspan="6" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Age of onset'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Immunohistopathology
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic/abdominal pain or pressure
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Vaginal bleeding/discharge
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |GI dysturbance
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Fever'''
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tenderness
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan/US
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MRI
|-
! colspan="14" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gynecologic
|-
| rowspan="14" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ovary|Ovarian]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ovarian cyst|Follicular cysts]] <ref name="pmid20505067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine D, Brown DL, Andreotti RF, Benacerraf B, Benson CB, Brewster WR, Coleman B, Depriest P, Doubilet PM, Goldstein SR, Hamper UM, Hecht JL, Horrow M, Hur HC, Marnach M, Patel MD, Platt LD, Puscheck E, Smith-Bindman R |title=Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement |journal=Radiology |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=943–54 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20505067 |doi=10.1148/radiol.10100213 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Women]] in [[Reproductive system|reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[estrogen]] +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see a >3 cm simple [[cyst]] with no internal echo and with posterior acoustic enhancement
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* simple [[cyst]] with no internal echo or [[septa]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[History and Physical examination|History]]/ [[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with [[hyperestrogenism]] and [[endometrial hyperplasia]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ovarian cyst|Theca lutein cysts]] <ref name="pmid2455880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Montz FJ, Schlaerth JB, Morrow CP |title=The natural history of theca lutein cysts |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=247–51 |date=August 1988 |pmid=2455880 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Southam1962">{{cite journal|last1=Southam|first1=Anna L.|title=Massive Ovarian Hyperstimulation with Clomiphene Citrate|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=181|issue=5|year=1962|pages=443|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1962.03050310083018b}}</ref><ref name="NguyenReid1986">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=K T|last2=Reid|first2=R L|last3=Sauerbrei|first3=E|title=Antenatal sonographic detection of a fetal theca lutein cyst: a clue to maternal diabetes mellitus.|journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine|volume=5|issue=11|year=1986|pages=665–667|issn=02784297|doi=10.7863/jum.1986.5.11.665}}</ref>

| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Women]] in [[reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Depends on the underlying [[etiology]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see bilaterally enlarged [[ovaries]] with multiple [[cysts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Multiple bilateral [[cysts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Theca interna cell [[Hyperplasia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[History and Physical examination|History]]/ [[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with [[Hydatidiform mole|hydatidiform moles]], [[choriocarcinoma]], [[diabetes mellitus]] and [[clomiphene]] intake ([[ovulation]] induction)
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Serous cystadenoma/carcinoma <ref name="JungLee20022">{{cite journal|last1=Jung|first1=Seung Eun|last2=Lee|first2=Jae Mun|last3=Rha|first3=Sung Eun|last4=Byun|first4=Jae Young|last5=Jung|first5=Jung Im|last6=Hahn|first6=Seong Tai|title=CT and MR Imaging of Ovarian Tumors with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=22|issue=6|year=2002|pages=1305–1325|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.226025033}}</ref><ref name="ImaiKiyozuka1990">{{cite journal|last1=Imai|first1=Shunsuke|last2=Kiyozuka|first2=Yasuhiko|last3=Maeda|first3=Hiroko|last4=Noda|first4=Tuneo|last5=Hosick|first5=Howard L.|title=Establishment and Characterization of a Human Ovarian Serous Cystadenocarcinoma Cell Line That Produces the Tumor Markers CA-125 and Tissue Polypeptide Antigen|journal=Oncology|volume=47|issue=2|year=1990|pages=177–184|issn=0030-2414|doi=10.1159/000226813}}</ref><ref name="pmid15087669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malpica A, Deavers MT, Lu K, Bodurka DC, Atkinson EN, Gershenson DM, Silva EG |title=Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=496–504 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15087669 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22405464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li J, Fadare O, Xiang L, Kong B, Zheng W |title=Ovarian serous carcinoma: recent concepts on its origin and carcinogenesis |journal=J Hematol Oncol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=8 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22405464 |doi=10.1186/1756-8722-5-8 |url=}}</ref>

| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >55 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Elevated levels of [[CA-125|serum cancer antigen-125]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see simple or multiloculated [[cyst]]
* In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see [[papillary]] projection inside the cyst
* In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see [[ascites]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see a simple [[cyst]] with beak sign, hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2
* We may see some Solid [[malignant]] components inside the [[cyst]] with intermediate signal on T1 and T2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Cyst]] wall consist of [[benign]]/[[malignant]] [[Fallopian tube|Fallopian]] [[Epithelium|epithelial]] layer

*[[Psammoma body]]
* We may see [[papillary]] projection inside the [[cyst]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most common [[ovarian neoplasm]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Mucinous cystadenoma]]/carcinoma <ref name="pmid9850171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoerl HD, Hart WR |title=Primary ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases with long-term follow-up |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1449–62 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9850171 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11075847">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee KR, Scully RE |title=Mucinous tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic study of 196 borderline tumors (of intestinal type) and carcinomas, including an evaluation of 11 cases with 'pseudomyxoma peritonei' |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1447–64 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11075847 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="JungLee2002">{{cite journal|last1=Jung|first1=Seung Eun|last2=Lee|first2=Jae Mun|last3=Rha|first3=Sung Eun|last4=Byun|first4=Jae Young|last5=Jung|first5=Jung Im|last6=Hahn|first6=Seong Tai|title=CT and MR Imaging of Ovarian Tumors with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=22|issue=6|year=2002|pages=1305–1325|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.226025033}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >55 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Elevated levels of [[CA-125|serum cancer antigen-125]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see large simple [[cyst]] with [[septation]]
* In [[mucinous cystadenocarcinoma]] we may see thickened internal [[septation]] with solid components inside the [[Cyst of urachus|cyst]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Stained glass appearance due to variable signal intensity on T1 and T2
* The more [[mucin]] we have, there is more intensity on T1
* and less intensity on T2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Cyst]] wall consist of [[Columnar epithelia|columnar]] [[Endocervix|endocervical]] [[epithelium]]
* We may see gelatinous [[mucin]] inside the [[cyst]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[pseudomyxoma peritonei]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometrioma]] <ref name="pmid9848302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mol BW, Bayram N, Lijmer JG, Wiegerinck MA, Bongers MY, van der Veen F, Bossuyt PM |title=The performance of CA-125 measurement in the detection of endometriosis: a meta-analysis |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1101–8 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9848302 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="KinkelFrei2005">{{cite journal|last1=Kinkel|first1=Karen|last2=Frei|first2=Kathrin A.|last3=Balleyguier|first3=Corinne|last4=Chapron|first4=Charles|title=Diagnosis of endometriosis with imaging: a review|journal=European Radiology|volume=16|issue=2|year=2005|pages=285–298|issn=0938-7994|doi=10.1007/s00330-005-2882-y}}</ref><ref name="de ZieglerBorghese2010">{{cite journal|last1=de Ziegler|first1=Dominique|last2=Borghese|first2=Bruno|last3=Chapron|first3=Charles|title=Endometriosis and infertility: pathophysiology and management|journal=The Lancet|volume=376|issue=9742|year=2010|pages=730–738|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60490-4}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Women's College Hospital|Women]] in [[reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]]

* Elevated levels of [[CA-125|serum cancer antigen-125]]
* Increased levels of [[interleukin 1]], [[chemoattractant]] protein-1, and [[Interferon-gamma|interferon gamma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Complex [[mass]] on [[Ultrasound|US]]
* Increased [[Doppler ultrasound|Doppler]] flow because of increased vascularture
* It may present with [[catamenial pneumothorax]], [[hemothorax]], and [[lung]] [[nodules]] in [[CT scan]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and a hypointensity on T2-weighted [[images]]
* Powder burn [[hemorrhages]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Chocolate cyst]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Laparoscopy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[infertility]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Teratoma]] <ref name="KawaiKano1992">{{cite journal|last1=Kawai|first1=Michiyasu|last2=Kano|first2=Takeo|last3=Kikkawa|first3=Fumitaka|last4=Morikawa|first4=Yoshimitsu|last5=Oguchi|first5=Hidenori|last6=Nakashima|first6=Nobuo|last7=Ishizuka|first7=Takao|last8=Kuzuya|first8=Kazuo|last9=Ohta|first9=Masahiro|last10=Arii|first10=Yoshitaro|last11=Tomoda|first11=Yutaka|title=Seven tumor markers in benign and malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary|journal=Gynecologic Oncology|volume=45|issue=3|year=1992|pages=248–253|issn=00908258|doi=10.1016/0090-8258(92)90299-X}}</ref><ref name="DunzendorferdeLAS MORENAS1999">{{cite journal|last1=Dunzendorfer|first1=Thomas|last2=deLAS MORENAS|first2=ANTONIO|last3=Kalir|first3=Tamara|last4=Levin|first4=Robert M.|title=Struma Ovarii and Hyperthyroidism|journal=Thyroid|volume=9|issue=5|year=1999|pages=499–502|issn=1050-7256|doi=10.1089/thy.1999.9.499}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="SabaGuerriero2009">{{cite journal|last1=Saba|first1=Luca|last2=Guerriero|first2=Stefano|last3=Sulcis|first3=Rosa|last4=Virgilio|first4=Bruna|last5=Melis|first5=GianBenedetto|last6=Mallarini|first6=Giorgio|title=Mature and immature ovarian teratomas: CT, US and MR imaging characteristics|journal=European Journal of Radiology|volume=72|issue=3|year=2009|pages=454–463|issn=0720048X|doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.07.044}}</ref>

| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 10-30 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[HCG]] and [[LDH]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see [[cystic]] [[adnexal]] [[mass]] with mural components and echogenic [[lesion]] due to [[calcification]]
* The iceberg [[sign]]
* Dot-dash pattern
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see evidence of [[fat]] components
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* All three [[Germ layer|germ layers]] [[Cell (biology)|cell]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[ovarian torsion]]

* May content [[thyroid]] [[tissue]] and cause [[hyperthyroidism]]
* In plane [[radiography]] we may see [[calcification]] due to the presence of [[tooth]] in the [[tumor]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dysgerminoma]] <ref name="DganiShoham(Schwartz)1988">{{cite journal|last1=Dgani|first1=R.|last2=Shoham(Schwartz)|first2=Z.|last3=Czernobilsky|first3=B.|last4=Kaftori|first4=A.|last5=Borenstein|first5=R.|last6=Lancet|first6=M.|title=Lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and human chorionic gonadotropin in a pure ovarian dysgerminoma|journal=Gynecologic Oncology|volume=30|issue=1|year=1988|pages=44–50|issn=00908258|doi=10.1016/0090-8258(88)90044-3}}</ref><ref name="pmid8188914">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanaka YO, Kurosaki Y, Nishida M, Michishita N, Kuramoto K, Itai Y, Kubo T |title=Ovarian dysgerminoma: MR and CT appearance |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=443–8 |date=1994 |pmid=8188914 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* in the second to third decade of life
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[HCG]] and [[LDH]]
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Multilobulated solid [[Mass|masses]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see [[ovarian]] [[mass]] with septation which are hyperintense on T1 and hypo or isointense on T2 [[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sheets fried egg appearance [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Same as [[male]] [[seminoma]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Yolk sac tumor]] <ref name="Yang2000">{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Grace C.H.|title=Fine-needle aspiration cytology of Schiller-Duval bodies of yolk-sac tumor|journal=Diagnostic Cytopathology|volume=23|issue=4|year=2000|pages=228–232|issn=8755-1039|doi=10.1002/1097-0339(200010)23:4<228::AID-DC2>3.0.CO;2-M}}</ref><ref name="LevitinHaller1996">{{cite journal|last1=Levitin|first1=A|last2=Haller|first2=K D|last3=Cohen|first3=H L|last4=Zinn|first4=D L|last5=O'Connor|first5=M T|title=Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: imaging evaluation.|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=167|issue=3|year=1996|pages=791–793|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/ajr.167.3.8751702}}</ref><ref name="TalermanHaije1974">{{cite journal|last1=Talerman|first1=A.|last2=Haije|first2=W. G.|title=Alpha-fetoprotein and germ cell tumors: A possible role of yolk sac tumor in production of alpha-fetoprotein|journal=Cancer|volume=34|issue=5|year=1974|pages=1722–1726|issn=0008-543X|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197411)34:5<1722::AID-CNCR2820340521>3.0.CO;2-F}}</ref>

| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Young [[children]]
*[[Male]] [[infants]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High levels of [[AFP]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see a combination of echogenic and hypoechoic components
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Ovarian mass]] with [[hemorrhagic]] areas
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* Yellow appearance

*[[Hemorrhagic]]

* Schiller-Duval bodies ([[glomeruli]] like structures)
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*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* The other name is [[Ovarian cyst|ovarian]] [[endodermal sinus tumor]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fibroma]] <ref name="pmid13148256">{{cite journal |vauthors=MEIGS JV |title=Fibroma of the ovary with ascites and hydrothorax; Meigs' syndrome |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=962–85 |date=May 1954 |pmid=13148256 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="SivanesaratnamDutta1990">{{cite journal|last1=Sivanesaratnam|first1=V.|last2=Dutta|first2=R.|last3=Jayalakshmi|first3=P.|title=Ovarian fibroma - clinical and histopathological characteristics|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics|volume=33|issue=3|year=1990|pages=243–247|issn=00207292|doi=10.1016/0020-7292(90)90009-A}}</ref><ref name="AbadCazorla1999">{{cite journal|last1=Abad|first1=Antonio|last2=Cazorla|first2=Eduardo|last3=Ruiz|first3=Fernando|last4=Aznar|first4=Ismael|last5=Asins|first5=Enrique|last6=Llixiona|first6=Joaquin|title=Meigs' syndrome with elevated CA125: case report and review of the literature|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=82|issue=1|year=1999|pages=97–99|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/S0301-2115(98)00174-2}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >50 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Pulling sensation in the [[groin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High levels of [[CA-125]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[CT scan]] we may see a unilateral [[mass]] with poor contrast enhancement
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* Low signal intensity on T1 and T2

* We may see scattered hyperintense areas due to [[edema]] or [[cystic]] [[degeneration]]
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* Spindle-shaped [[fibroblast]]
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*[[Biopsy]]
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* It may cause [[Meigs syndrome]] ([[ovarian fibroma]], [[ascites]], and [[hydrothorax]])
* It may cause [[ovarian torsion]]
* It may cause [[pleural effusion]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thecoma]] <ref name="YaghoobianPinck1983">{{cite journal|last1=Yaghoobian|first1=Jahanguir|last2=Pinck|first2=Robert L.|title=Ultrasound findings in thecoma of the ovary|journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound|volume=11|issue=2|year=1983|pages=91–93|issn=00912751|doi=10.1002/jcu.1870110207}}</ref><ref name="LiZhang2012">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xinchun|last2=Zhang|first2=Weidong|last3=Zhu|first3=Guangbin|last4=Sun|first4=Congpeng|last5=Liu|first5=Qingyu|last6=Shen|first6=Yuechun|title=Imaging Features and Pathologic Characteristics of Ovarian Thecoma|journal=Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography|volume=36|issue=1|year=2012|pages=46–53|issn=0363-8715|doi=10.1097/RCT.0b013e31823f6186}}</ref><ref name="ProctorGreeley1951">{{cite journal|last1=Proctor|first1=Francis E.|last2=Greeley|first2=Joseph P.|last3=Rathmell|first3=Thomas K.|title=Malignant thecoma of the ovary|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=62|issue=1|year=1951|pages=185–192|issn=00029378|doi=10.1016/0002-9378(51)91109-X}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >50 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Postmenopausal bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[estrogen]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see non-specific [[ovarian]] [[mass]]

* We may see evidence of [[endometrial hyperplasia]] due to increased level of [[estrogen]]
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* Hyperintense on T2
* T1 intensity depends on the amount of [[fibrous tissue]] ([[fibrous tissue]] lead to hypointensity)
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* Lipid-laden [[Stromal cell|stromal cells]] with pale, vaculolated [[cytoplasm]]
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*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see [[endometrial cancer]] as e result of hyper-[[Estrogen|estrogenism]]
* We may see [[ovarian]] fibrothecoma (mixture of [[fibroma]] and [[thecoma]])

|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Granulosa cell tumour|Granulosa cell tumor]] <ref name="pmid17945423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Psyrri A |title=Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary |journal=Cancer Treat. Rev. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |date=February 2008 |pmid=17945423 |doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.08.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="StenwigHazekamp1979">{{cite journal|last1=Stenwig|first1=Jan Trygve|last2=Hazekamp|first2=Johan The.|last3=Beecham|first3=Jackson B.|title=Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathological study of 118 cases with long-term follow-up|journal=Gynecologic Oncology|volume=7|issue=2|year=1979|pages=136–152|issn=00908258|doi=10.1016/0090-8258(79)90090-8}}</ref><ref name="pmid9386298">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morikawa K, Hatabu H, Togashi K, Kataoka ML, Mori T, Konishi J |title=Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: MR findings |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1001–4 |date=1997 |pmid=9386298 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10227493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ko SF, Wan YL, Ng SH, Lee TY, Lin JW, Chen WJ, Kung FT, Tsai CC |title=Adult ovarian granulosa cell tumors: spectrum of sonographic and CT findings with pathologic correlation |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1227–33 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10227493 |doi=10.2214/ajr.172.5.10227493 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 50-60 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Postmenopausal bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[estrogen]] and [[Progesterone|progesteron]]
* We may see [[inhibin]], [[calretinin]], and [[Ki-67]] on the surface of [[Granulosa cell|granulosa]] [[tumor]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see solid, [[cystic]], or multiloculated solid and [[cystic]] [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see solid, [[Cystic Cytoplasm|cystic]], or multiloculated solid and [[cystic]] [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Call-Exner bodies]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[postmenopausal]] [[women]] may cause [[breast]] [[tenderness]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor|Sertoli-leydig cell tumor]] <ref name="LantzschStoerer2001">{{cite journal|last1=Lantzsch|first1=T.|last2=Stoerer|first2=S.|last3=Lawrenz|first3=K.|last4=Buchmann|first4=J.|last5=Strauss|first5=H.-G.|last6=Koelbl|first6=H.|title=Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=264|issue=4|year=2001|pages=206–208|issn=0932-0067|doi=10.1007/s004040000114}}</ref><ref name="JungRha2005">{{cite journal|last1=Jung|first1=Seung Eun|last2=Rha|first2=Sung Eun|last3=Lee|first3=Jae Mun|last4=Park|first4=Soo Youn|last5=Oh|first5=Soon Nam|last6=Cho|first6=Kyoung Sik|last7=Lee|first7=Eun Ju|last8=Byun|first8=Jae Young|last9=Hahn|first9=Seong Tai|title=CT and MRI Findings of Sex Cord–Stromal Tumor of the Ovary|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=185|issue=1|year=2005|pages=207–215|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/ajr.185.1.01850207}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 15 to 35 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Elevated [[serum]] [[testosterone]] level
* Elevated [[alpha-fetoprotein]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see unilateral Well-defined hypoechoic [[lesion]]

| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Low T2 signal intensity
* areas of high signal intensity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Lydig [[Cell (biology)|cells]] (Polygonal pink [[Cell (biology)|cells]] with [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]

*[[Sertoli cell|Sertoli cells]] (clear vacuolated [[cytoplasm]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[virilization]] [[Symptom|symptoms]] and [[amenorrhea]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Brenner tumor of ovary|Brenner tumor ]]<ref name="ShevchukFenoglio1980">{{cite journal|last1=Shevchuk|first1=Maria M.|last2=Fenoglio|first2=Cecilia M.|last3=Richart|first3=Ralph M.|title=Histogenesis of brenner tumors, I: Histology and ultrastructure|journal=Cancer|volume=46|issue=12|year=1980|pages=2607–2616|issn=0008-543X|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19801215)46:12<2607::AID-CNCR2820461213>3.0.CO;2-Q}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman1998">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S|last3=Kim|first3=Bohyun|last4=Chiowanich|first4=Peerapod|last5=Blasbalg|first5=Roberto|last6=Kilger|first6=Alex|title=Ovarian Brenner tumors: MR imaging characteristics|journal=Magnetic Resonance Imaging|volume=16|issue=10|year=1998|pages=1147–1153|issn=0730725X|doi=10.1016/S0730-725X(98)00136-2}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >55 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
:* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see hypoechoic solid [[Mass-to-charge ratio|mass]] and [[calcification]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Hypointense on T2 because of [[fibrous]] content
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Yellow/pale appearance
*[[Transitional cell]] [[tumor]] (resembles [[Urinary bladder|bladder]])
* Coffee bean [[nuclei]] on [[H&E stain|H&E]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most of the times it's an accidental finding
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Krukenberg tumor]] <ref name="pmid8626898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim SH, Kim WH, Park KJ, Lee JK, Kim JS |title=CT and MR findings of Krukenberg tumors: comparison with primary ovarian tumors |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=393–8 |date=1996 |pmid=8626898 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17076540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Agha OM, Nicastri AD |title=An in-depth look at Krukenberg tumor: an overview |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=130 |issue=11 |pages=1725–30 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17076540 |doi=10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1725:AILAKT]2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >55 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
Based on underlying [[malignancy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In case of [[Metastasis|metastatic]] [[Gastrointestinal cancer|GI cancers]] we may see [[iron deficiency anemia]] (IDA)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Mostly bilateral, complex ovarian [[lesion]]
* In [[CT scan]] we may see evidence of concurrent [[malignancy]] in other [[organs]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Mostly bilateral, complex [[Ovary|ovarian]] [[lesion]] with solid components
* Internal hyperintensity on T1 and T2 weighted [[Mri|MR]] [[images]] because of [[Mucin 17|mucin]]
* Evidence of concurrent [[malignancy]] in other [[organs]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Mucin]]-secreting [[signet cell]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Imaging]]/ [[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* The most common [[primary tumor]] is in [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]], [[stomach]], [[breast]], [[lung]], and contralateral [[ovary]]
* Based on underlying [[malignancy]] it may cause [[pleural effusion]]
|-
| rowspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fallopian tube|Tubal]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[tubo-ovarian abscess]] <ref name="LandersSweet1983">{{cite journal|last1=Landers|first1=D. V.|last2=Sweet|first2=R. L.|title=Tubo-ovarian Abscess: Contemporary Approach to Management|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=5|issue=5|year=1983|pages=876–884|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/clinids/5.5.876}}</ref><ref name="Stewart TaylorMcMillan1975">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart Taylor|first1=E.|last2=McMillan|first2=James H.|last3=Greer|first3=Benjamin E.|last4=Droegemueller|first4=William|last5=Thompson|first5=Horace E.|title=The intrauterine device and tubo-ovarian abscess|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=123|issue=4|year=1975|pages=338–348|issn=00029378|doi=10.1016/S0002-9378(16)33434-2}}</ref><ref name="HaLim1995">{{cite journal|last1=Ha|first1=H. K.|last2=Lim|first2=G. Y.|last3=Cha|first3=E. S.|last4=Lee|first4=H. G.|last5=Ro|first5=H. J.|last6=Kim|first6=H. S.|last7=Kim|first7=H. H.|last8=Joo|first8=S. W.|last9=Jee|first9=M. K.|title=MR Imaging of Tubo-Ovarian Abscess|journal=Acta Radiologica|volume=36|issue=5|year=1995|pages=510–514|issn=0284-1851|doi=10.1080/02841859509173418}}</ref><ref name="pmid12854857">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varras M, Polyzos D, Perouli E, Noti P, Pantazis I, Akrivis Ch |title=Tubo-ovarian abscesses: spectrum of sonographic findings with surgical and pathological correlations |journal=Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol |volume=30 |issue=2-3 |pages=117–21 |date=2003 |pmid=12854857 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Young [[women]] (15-30 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High levels of [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] [[Marker|markers]]
*[[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see multilocular complex [[lesion]] mostly [[bilateral]] with debry inside
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see a [[Pelvic masses|pelvic mass]] filled with [[fluid]] with thick walls

* hypointense in T1 and heterogeneous in T2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[abscess]] [[aspiration]] we may see [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic organisms]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[History and Physical examination|History]]/ [[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*The most common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] are previous [[PID]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[intrauterine device]] and [[History and Physical examination|history]] of [[Uterus|uterine]] [[surgery]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ectopic pregnancy]] <ref name="Barnhart2009">{{cite journal|last1=Barnhart|first1=Kurt T.|title=Ectopic Pregnancy|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=361|issue=4|year=2009|pages=379–387|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0810384}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Women]] in [[reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[HCG|BhCG]]
*[[Progesterone]] level ≤5 ng/ml
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see empty [[uterine cavity]], [[Fallopian tube|tubal]] ring sign, ring of fire sign ([[Doppler]]), extra-[[uterine]] [[Fetus|fetal]] [[heart rate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[History and Physical examination|History]]/ [[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Any [[women]] in [[reproductive]] age presenting with [[abdominal pain]] or [[amenorrhea]] should be screened for [[ectopic pregnancy]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hydrosalpinx]] <ref name="KimRha2009">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Mi Young|last2=Rha|first2=Sung Eun|last3=Oh|first3=Soon Nam|last4=Jung|first4=Seung Eun|last5=Lee|first5=Young Joon|last6=Kim|first6=You Sung|last7=Byun|first7=Jae Young|last8=Lee|first8=Ahwon|last9=Kim|first9=Mee-Ran|title=MR Imaging Findings of Hydrosalpinx: A Comprehensive Review|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=29|issue=2|year=2009|pages=495–507|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.292085070}}</ref><ref name="pmid7938766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Atri M, Nazarnia S, Bret PM, Aldis AE, Kintzen G, Reinhold C |title=Endovaginal sonographic appearance of benign ovarian masses |journal=Radiographics |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=747–60; discussion 761–2 |date=July 1994 |pmid=7938766 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.14.4.7938766 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ChanellesDucarme2011">{{cite journal|last1=Chanelles|first1=Olivier|last2=Ducarme|first2=Guillaume|last3=Sifer|first3=Christophe|last4=Hugues|first4=Jean-Noel|last5=Touboul|first5=Cyril|last6=Poncelet|first6=Christophe|title=Hydrosalpinx and infertility: what about conservative surgical management?|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=159|issue=1|year=2011|pages=122–126|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.07.004}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see [[Fallopian tube|tubal]] longitudinal folds thickening (cogwheel appearance)
* In [[CT scan]] we may see tubular [[Adnexa|adnexal]] [[lesion]] with [[fluid]] attenuation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dilated [[Fallopian tube]] with [[fluid]] signal intensity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with [[endometriosis]] (haematosalpinx), [[ovulation]] induction, [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], post-[[hysterectomy]], [[tubal ligation]], and tubal [[malignancy]]

* It may cause [[infertility]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Salpingitis]] <ref name="pmid7976247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Czerwenka K, Heuss F, Hosmann J, Manavi M, Jelincic D, Kubista E |title=Salpingitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and its significance for infertility |journal=Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand |volume=73 |issue=9 |pages=711–5 |date=October 1994 |pmid=7976247 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Women]] of [[reproductive]] age
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Leukocytosis (patient information)|Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see , [[Edema|edematous]] and thickened endosalpingeal folds
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[History and Physical examination|History/ physical exam]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[infertility]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fallopian tube cancer|Fallopian tube carcinoma]] <ref name="NiloffKlug1984">{{cite journal|last1=Niloff|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Klug|first2=Thomas L.|last3=Schaetzl|first3=Elena|last4=Zurawski|first4=Vincent R.|last5=Knapp|first5=Robert C.|last6=Bast|first6=Robert C.|title=Elevation of serum CA125 in carcinomas of the fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=148|issue=8|year=1984|pages=1057–1058|issn=00029378|doi=10.1016/S0002-9378(84)90444-7}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >60 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High levels of [[CA-125|CA125]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Ultrasound|US]] findings are non specific (complex [[Mass–energy equivalence|mass]] on [[Fallopian tube]]

* We may see [[papillary]] projections
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Low signal on T1

* In case of [[hemorrhage]] inside the [[tumor]] we may see high signal intensity on T1

* Low or of intermediate signal on T2

* In case of [[serous fluid]] inside the [[tumor]] we may see high signal intensity on T2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Based on the [[Tumor suppressor gene|tumor]] type we may have different [[biopsy]] finding
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see Latzko triad ([[abdominal pain]], [[Vagina|vaginal]] discgarge, [[Pelvic masses|pelvic mass]])
* It may cause [[Pleural effusion (patient information)|pleural effusion]]
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterus|Uterine]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leiomyoma]] <ref name="BullettiDe Ziegler1999">{{cite journal|last1=Bulletti|first1=Carlo|last2=De Ziegler|first2=Dominique|last3=Polli|first3=Valeria|last4=Flamigni|first4=Carlo|title=The role of leiomyomas in infertility|journal=The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists|volume=6|issue=4|year=1999|pages=441–445|issn=10743804|doi=10.1016/S1074-3804(99)80008-5}}</ref><ref name="MuraseSiegelman1999">{{cite journal|last1=Murase|first1=Eiko|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Outwater|first3=Eric K.|last4=Perez-Jaffe|first4=Liza A.|last5=Tureck|first5=Richard W.|title=Uterine Leiomyomas: Histopathologic Features, MR Imaging Findings, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=19|issue=5|year=1999|pages=1179–1197|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.19.5.g99se131179}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Women]] of [[reproductive]] age
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[chronic]] cases, we may see mild [[anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see hypoechoic [[Mass-independent fractionation|mass]] with [[calcification]] and [[Cyst|cystic]] areas of [[necrosis]] or [[degeneration]] may
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Low to intermediate signal intensity on T1 and T2
* In case of [[necrosis]] inside the [[mass]], there might be some high signal [[Lesion|lesions]] on T2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Smooth muscle]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[infertility]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Choriocarcinoma]] <ref name="SecklFisher2000">{{cite journal|last1=Seckl|first1=Michael J|last2=Fisher|first2=Rosemary A|last3=Salerno|first3=Giovanni|last4=Rees|first4=Helene|last5=Paradinas|first5=Fernando J|last6=Foskett|first6=Marianne|last7=Newlands|first7=Edward S|title=Choriocarcinoma and partial hydatidiform moles|journal=The Lancet|volume=356|issue=9223|year=2000|pages=36–39|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02432-6}}</ref><ref name="NishikawaKaseki1985">{{cite journal|last1=Nishikawa|first1=Yoshiki|last2=Kaseki|first2=Shigeaki|last3=Tomoda|first3=Yutaka|last4=Ishizuka|first4=Takao|last5=Asai|first5=Yasumasa|last6=Suzuki|first6=Toshio|last7=Ushijima|first7=Hiroshi|title=Histopathologic classification of uterine choriocarcinoma|journal=Cancer|volume=55|issue=5|year=1985|pages=1044–1051|issn=0008-543X|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19850301)55:5<1044::AID-CNCR2820550520>3.0.CO;2-7}}</ref><ref name="pmid558566">{{cite journal |vauthors=Libshitz HI, Baber CE, Hammond CB |title=The pulmonary metastases of choriocarcinoma |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=412–6 |date=April 1977 |pmid=558566 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16114202">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diouf A, Cissé ML, Laïco A, Ndiaye D, Moreau JC, Diadhiou F |title=[Sonographic features of gestational choriocarcinoma] |language=French |journal=J Radiol |volume=86 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=469–73 |date=May 2005 |pmid=16114202 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Women]] in [[reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[HCG|B-hCG]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see heterogeneous mass infiltrating [[myometrium]]
* Enlarged [[uterus]]
*[[Necrosis]] +
*[[Hemorrhage]] +
* In [[CT scan]] we may see evidence of [[metastasis]] to [[brain]], [[lung]] and other organs
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see an infiltrative [[Uterine Cancer|uterine]] mass and thickening of [[Uterus|uterine]] wall
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Trophoblast]]<nowiki/>ic [[tissue]] origin
* columns and sheets of [[trophoblast]]<nowiki/>ic tissue invading [[uterine]] [[Myotome|muscle]] and [[blood vessels]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with bilateral [[Ovarian cyst|theca lutein cysts]]
* Cannonball [[Metastasis|metastases]] to the [[lungs]]
* May cause [[hemoptysis]]
* We may see passing of grapes like tissue from the [[vagina]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leiomyosarcoma]] <ref name="SekiHoshihara1992">{{cite journal|last1=Seki|first1=K.|last2=Hoshihara|first2=T.|last3=Nagata|first3=I.|title=Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterus: Ultrasonography and Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Level|journal=Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation|volume=33|issue=2|year=1992|pages=114–118|issn=1423-002X|doi=10.1159/000294861}}</ref><ref name="pmid17009628">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juang CM, Yen MS, Horng HC, Twu NF, Yu HC, Hsu WL |title=Potential role of preoperative serum CA125 for the differential diagnosis between uterine leiomyoma and uterine leiomyosarcoma |journal=Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=370–4 |date=2006 |pmid=17009628 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="PattaniKier1995">{{cite journal|last1=Pattani|first1=Sita J.|last2=Kier|first2=Ruben|last3=Deal|first3=Robert|last4=Luchansky|first4=Edward|title=MRI of uterine leiomyosarcoma|journal=Magnetic Resonance Imaging|volume=13|issue=2|year=1995|pages=331–333|issn=0730725X|doi=10.1016/0730-725X(95)93813-5}}</ref><ref name="McLeodZornoza1984">{{cite journal|last1=McLeod|first1=A J|last2=Zornoza|first2=J|last3=Shirkhoda|first3=A|title=Leiomyosarcoma: computed tomographic findings.|journal=Radiology|volume=152|issue=1|year=1984|pages=133–136|issn=0033-8419|doi=10.1148/radiology.152.1.6729102}}</ref><ref name="RobboyBentley2000">{{cite journal|last1=Robboy|first1=Stanley J.|last2=Bentley|first2=Rex C.|last3=Butnor|first3=Kelly|last4=Anderson|first4=Malcolm C.|title=Pathology and Pathophysiology of Uterine Smooth-Muscle Tumors|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=108|year=2000|pages=779|issn=00916765|doi=10.2307/3454306}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >55 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In some cases we may see elevated levels of [[CA-125]] [[lactate dehydrogenase]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Heterogeneous mass with central low attenuation ([[necrosis]]) and [[calcification]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Increased [[uterine]] size
* Irregular central zones of low signal intensity (tumor [[necrosis]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see [[Atypia|atypical cells]], high [[mitotic]] rate, geographic areas of [[coagulative necrosis]] separated from viable [[neoplasm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In case of rapid [[uterine]] growth in post [[Menopause|menopausal]] [[women]] we may suspect [[uterine sarcoma]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pregnancy]] <ref name="CacctatoreTttttnen1990">{{cite journal|last1=Cacctatore|first1=Bruno|last2=Tttttnen|first2=Atla|last3=Stenman|first3=Ulf-Hakan|last4=Ylostalo|first4=Pekka|title=Normal early pregnancy: serum hCG levels and vaginal ultrasonography findings|journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=97|issue=10|year=1990|pages=899–903|issn=1470-0328|doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02444.x}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Women]] in [[reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[HCG|BhCG]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see [[gestational sac]], [[yolk sac]], double bleb sign and [[fetal]] pore
* In [[CT scan]] we may see [[cystic]] structure filled with fluid, curvilinear enhancing structure ([[placenta]]) and [[fetal]] pore
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Cystic]] structure filled with fluid
* Curvilinear enhancing structure ([[placenta]])
*[[Fetal]] pore
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[History and Physical examination|History]]/ [[laboratory]] findings
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We do not perform [[CT scan]] and [[MRI]] in [[pregnancy]] but We may unintentionally image the [[pregnancy]] with [[CT scan]] and [[MRI]].
|-
! colspan="14" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Non-gynecologic
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Gastrointestinal tract|GIT]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Appendix|Appendiceal]] [[abscess]] <ref name="pmid16037513">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pinto Leite N, Pereira JM, Cunha R, Pinto P, Sirlin C |title=CT evaluation of appendicitis and its complications: imaging techniques and key diagnostic findings |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=406–17 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16037513 |doi=10.2214/ajr.185.2.01850406 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fluid collection in the [[appendicular]] region

*[[appendicolith]] may be visualized.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fluid collection in the [[appendicular]] region

*[[appendicolith]] may be visualized.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Imaging]]/ [[History and Physical examination|history]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* The most common [[complication]] of [[acute appendicitis]]
* It may cause pleural effusion
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Appendix cancer|Appendiceal neoplasm]] <ref name="WHO">Chapter 5: Tumours of the Appendix - IARC. https://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb2/bb2-chap5.pdf Accessed on January 15, 2019</ref><ref name="GoedeCaplin2003">{{cite journal|last1=Goede|first1=A. C.|last2=Caplin|first2=M. E.|last3=Winslet|first3=M. C.|title=Carcinoid tumour of the appendix|journal=British Journal of Surgery|volume=90|issue=11|year=2003|pages=1317–1322|issn=0007-1323|doi=10.1002/bjs.4375}}</ref><ref name="Pablo CarmignaniHampton2004">{{cite journal|last1=Pablo Carmignani|first1=C.|last2=Hampton|first2=Regina|last3=E. Sugarbaker|first3=Christina|last4=Chang|first4=David|last5=H. Sugarbaker|first5=Paul|title=Utility of CEA and CA 19-9 tumor markers in diagnosis and prognostic assessment of mucinous epithelial cancers of the appendix|journal=Journal of Surgical Oncology|volume=87|issue=4|year=2004|pages=162–166|issn=0022-4790|doi=10.1002/jso.20107}}</ref><ref name="pmid20587792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Limsui D, Vierkant RA, Tillmans LS, Wang AH, Weisenberger DJ, Laird PW, Lynch CF, Anderson KE, French AJ, Haile RW, Harnack LJ, Potter JD, Slager SL, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Cerhan JR, Limburg PJ |title=Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk by molecularly defined subtypes |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=102 |issue=14 |pages=1012–22 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20587792 |pmc=2915616 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djq201 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2886072">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duh QY, Hybarger CP, Geist R, Gamsu G, Goodman PC, Gooding GA, Clark OH |title=Carcinoids associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=154 |issue=1 |pages=142–8 |date=July 1987 |pmid=2886072 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 60-70 y/o for [[adenocarcinoma]],
* 30-50 y/o for [[Carcinoid cancer|carcinoid]] tumors
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[adenocarcinoma]] type we may have high levels of [[CEA]] and [[CA 19-9]]
* In [[Carcinoid cancer|carcinoid]] type we may see high levels of [[chromogranin A]], [[5-HIAA]] and Ki67
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[CT scan]] we may see:
**[[Soft tissue]] thickening and [[cystic]] lesion with Internal [[septation]]
** Wall irregularity
**[[Calcification]]
** Peri-[[Appendix|appendiceal]] fat stranding
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Soft tissue mass in the [[appendix]]
* We may see invasion to other structures
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Gray/yellowi color

* Cystic structures with angiolymphatic invasion

*
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with:
**[[MEN1 syndrome]]
**[[Ulcerative colitis]]
**[[Neurofibromatosis type 1]]
**[[HNPCC]]
**[[Smoking]]
* It may cause pleural effusion
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Diverticular abscess]] <ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Hulnick|first1=D H|last2=Megibow|first2=A J|last3=Balthazar|first3=E J|last4=Naidich|first4=D P|last5=Bosniak|first5=M A|title=Computed tomography in the evaluation of diverticulitis.|journal=Radiology|volume=152|issue=2|year=1984|pages=491–495|issn=0033-8419|doi=10.1148/radiology.152.2.6739821}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >50 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Ill-defined lesion with air and fluid inside
* Adjacent [[bowel]] loop wall thickening
* Smudged [[mesenteric]] fat
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see a [[lesion]] with air and fluid inside
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Imaging]]/ [[History and Physical examination|history]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Diverticular abscess]] happens in almost 30-40% of patients with [[diverticulitis]]
* It may cause pleural effusion
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Colorectal cancer]] <ref name="ZhuKaneshiro2010">{{cite journal|last1=Zhu|first1=Amy|last2=Kaneshiro|first2=Marc|last3=Kaunitz|first3=Jonathan D.|title=Evaluation and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Gastroenterological Perspective|journal=Digestive Diseases and Sciences|volume=55|issue=3|year=2010|pages=548–559|issn=0163-2116|doi=10.1007/s10620-009-1108-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid10528904">{{cite journal| author=Macdonald JS| title=Carcinoembryonic antigen screening: pros and cons. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 1999 | volume= 26 | issue= 5 | pages= 556-60 | pmid=10528904 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10528904 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21037809">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haggar FA, Boushey RP |title=Colorectal cancer epidemiology: incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=191–7 |date=November 2009 |pmid=21037809 |pmc=2796096 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1242458 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2014406">{{cite journal| author=Taylor AJ, Youker JE| title=Imaging in colorectal carcinoma. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 1991 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 99-110 | pmid=2014406 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2014406 }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >50 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Anemia]]
* Positive [[Fecal occult blood test]]
* High levels of [[CEA]] and [[CA 19-9]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[CT scan]] we may see luminal narrowing, [[intestinal]] wall thickening,[[intussusception]], [[bowel obstruction]], [[Metastases|hepatic metastases]], intestinal [[perforation]],[[enlarged lymph nodes]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see [[tumor]] mass and the extension of [[tumor]] to other structures

* We may see [[metastasis]] to the [[liver]], [[lung]] and [[brain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Based on the sub-type we may have different [[histopathological]] feature (for more information [[Colorectal cancer|click here]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with [[smoking]], positive [[family history]], processed meat, low [[Dietary fiber|fiber]] diet, [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer|lynch Syndrome]] and [[familial adenomatous polyposis]]
* They have apple core lesion on [[barium enema]] [[X-ray|xray]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Renal]]
[[Bladder]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pelvic kidney]] <ref name="WeizerSpringhart2005">{{cite journal|last1=Weizer|first1=Alon Z.|last2=Springhart|first2=W. Patrick|last3=Ekeruo|first3=Wesley O.|last4=Matlaga|first4=Brian R.|last5=Tan|first5=Yeh H.|last6=Assimos|first6=Dean G.|last7=Preminger|first7=Glenn M.|title=Ureteroscopic management of renal calculi in anomalous kidneys|journal=Urology|volume=65|issue=2|year=2005|pages=265–269|issn=00904295|doi=10.1016/j.urology.2004.09.055}}</ref><ref name="RossKay1998">{{cite journal|last1=Ross|first1=Jonathan H.|last2=Kay|first2=Robert|title=URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION IN ANOMALOUS KIDNEYS|journal=Urologic Clinics of North America|volume=25|issue=2|year=1998|pages=219–225|issn=00940143|doi=10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70010-0}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |−/+
In case of sever [[hydronephrosis]] or [[renal stone]] we may have [[pelvic]] [[pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[sonography]] we may see normal appearing [[kidney]] in [[Pelvis|pelvic]] position

* We may see [[renal calculi]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see normal [[kidney]] structure

*[[Renal calculi]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[hypertension]]

* It may cause tract infection ([[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]), obstruction, and [[renal calculi]].
* It may be associated with [[RCC]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bladder cancer]] <ref name="pmid8797968">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barentsz JO, Jager GJ, Witjes JA, Ruijs JH |title=Primary staging of urinary bladder carcinoma: the role of MRI and a comparison with CT |journal=Eur Radiol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=129–33 |date=1996 |pmid=8797968 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18660854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shariat SF, Karam JA, Lotan Y, Karakiewizc PI |title=Critical evaluation of urinary markers for bladder cancer detection and monitoring |journal=Rev Urol |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=120–35 |date=2008 |pmid=18660854 |pmc=2483317 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10918764">{{cite journal |vauthors=Metts MC, Metts JC, Milito SJ, Thomas CR |title=Bladder cancer: a review of diagnosis and management |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=285–94 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10918764 |pmc=2640522 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ≥65 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Low [[red blood cell]] count
* Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]]
* Positive [[Tumor marker|tumor markers]] such as BTA, NMP, and [[CEA]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[CT scan]] we may see masses protruding into the [[bladder]] lumen or asymmetric thickening of the [[bladder]]
*[[Calcification|calcifications]]
* Nodal [[metastases]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* isointense compared to [[muscle]] in T1

* slightly hyperintense compared to [[muscle]] in T2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Based on the sub-type we may have different [[Histopathology|histopathological]] feature (for more information [[Bladder cancer|click here]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may presents with [[hematuria]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Others
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Retroperitoneum|Retroperitoneal]] [[sarcoma]] <ref name="pmid2064467">{{cite journal |vauthors=Storm FK, Mahvi DM |title=Diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=2–10 |date=July 1991 |pmid=2064467 |pmc=1358407 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16154826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Francis IR, Cohan RH, Varma DG, Sondak VK |title=Retroperitoneal sarcomas |journal=Cancer Imaging |volume=5 |issue= |pages=89–94 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16154826 |doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2005.0019 |url=}}</ref><ref name="SilversteinWakim1964">{{cite journal|last1=Silverstein|first1=Murray N.|last2=Wakim|first2=Khalil G.|last3=Bahn|first3=Robert C.|title=Hypoglycemia associated with neoplasia|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=36|issue=3|year=1964|pages=415–423|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(64)90168-8}}</ref><ref name="pmid20644672">{{cite journal |vauthors=Storm FK, Mahvi DM |title=Diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=214 |issue=1 |pages=2–10 |date=July 1991 |pmid=2064467 |pmc=1358407 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 40-50 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Mild [[leukocytosis]].
* It may cause [[hypoglycemia]] because of production of [[Insulin-like growth factor|insulinlike]] substances
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see irregular solid, semisolid, [[Liquefactive necrosis|liquefactive]] areas and patchy [[necrosis]] on [[CT scan]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see [[Retroperitoneum|retroperitoneal]] involvement and degree of [[tumor]] extension
* We may see [[liver]] and [[lung]] [[metastasis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* There are two types: [[liposarcoma]] and [[leiomyosarcoma]]
* In [[Liposarcoma|liposarcomas]] we may see background of [[Adipocyte|adipocytes]] with scattered lipoblasts, and [[Inflammatory cells|inflammatory cell]] infiltrate
* In [[leiomyosarcoma]] we may see smooth [[muscle cells]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* May cause [[lower extremity]] [[edema]], Serous [[ascites]]
* we should perform [[chest]] [[CT scan]] to rule out [[pulmonary]] [[metastases]]
|}
'''ABBREVIATIONS'''

BTA=Bladder tumor associated antigen, NMP= Nuclear matrix proteins, [[CEA]]= [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]], [[Ultrasound|US]]= [[Ultrasound]], [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|HCG]]= [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]], [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]]= [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], [[AFP]]= [[AFP|Alpha fitoprotein]], [[CA125]]= [[CA125|Cancer antigen 125]], [[H&E]]= [[Hematoxylin and eosin stain|Hematoxylin and eosin]], [[MRI]]= [[Magnetic resonance imaging]], [[GI]]= [[Gastrointestinal tract]], [[PID]]= [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[CA19-9]]= [[CA-19-9|Carbohydrate antigen 19-9]], [[5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5HIAA]]= [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid]], [[MEN syndromes|MEN syndrome]]= [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia|Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome]], [[HNPCC]]= [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]], [[UTI]]= [[Urinary tract infection]], [[RCC]]= [[Renal cell carcinoma]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
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[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-08T19:20:48Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5100397">{{cite journal| author=Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G| title=An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1971 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-8 | pmid=5100397 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197102)27:2<343::aid-cncr2820270215>3.0.co;2-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5100397 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4722922">{{cite journal| author=Wisniewski M, Deppisch LM| title=Solid teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1973 | volume= 32 | issue= 2 | pages= 440-6 | pmid=4722922 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197308)32:2<440::aid-cncr2820320222>3.0.co;2-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4722922 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*Tends to be larger than mature cystic teratoma
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-08T19:07:15Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5100397">{{cite journal| author=Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G| title=An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. | journal=Cancer | year= 1971 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-8 | pmid=5100397 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197102)27:2<343::aid-cncr2820270215>3.0.co;2-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5100397 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*Tend to be larger than mature teratoma
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-08T16:55:04Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*Unilateral mass
*Well differentiated neoplasm
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-08T16:18:45Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
*Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*Cystic cavities may be filled with serous or mucinous fluid
*Capsular is not well defined
*
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*
*
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T21:24:42Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30150913">{{cite journal| author=Rathore R, Sharma S, Agarwal S| title=Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: a retrospective study of eight cases and review of literature. | journal=Prz Menopauzalny | year= 2018 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 63-68 | pmid=30150913 | doi=10.5114/pm.2018.77304 | pmc=6107092 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30150913 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Keratinized squamous cells epithelium
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*Lobules of mature cartilage
*Glands lined by the respiratry mucosa and digestive mucosa
*Skeletal muscles
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
* Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*
*
*
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*
*
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T21:16:20Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}
==Overview==
The histopathology of teratoma depends on the histological subtype.Teratoma is a germ cell tumor due to abnormal development of pluripotent cells and renmant of primitive node.

==Pathophysiology==
{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 1}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01=[[Germ cell]]}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=[[Pathogenesis]]|B02=[[Malignant transformation]]}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=[[Mature teratoma]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | E02 | | |E02=[[Tumors]] with primitive [[embryonic]] [[ectoderm]], [[mesoderm]], and/or [[endoderm]] differentiation| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |||F02 | |F02=Immature [[teratoma]]}}
{{familytree/end}}
===Pathogenesis===
*Mature teratoma arises from a pathological transformation of primordial germ cell during the develompment.<ref name="VuralVural2015">{{cite journal|last1=Vural|first1=F.|last2=Vural|first2=B.|last3=Paksoy|first3=N.|title=Vaginal teratoma: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=35|issue=7|year=2015|pages=757–758|issn=0144-3615|doi=10.3109/01443615.2015.1004525}}</ref><ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma comes from a single germ cell tumor after first phase of meiosis and failure of meiosis type II.<ref name="LinderMcCaw1975">{{cite journal|last1=Linder|first1=David|last2=McCaw|first2=Barbara Kaiser|last3=Hecht|first3=Frederick|title=Parthenogenic Origin of Benign Ovarian Teratomas|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=292|issue=2|year=1975|pages=63–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM197501092920202}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220805">{{cite journal| author=Surti U, Hoffner L, Chakravarti A, Ferrell RE| title=Genetics and biology of human ovarian teratomas. I. Cytogenetic analysis and mechanism of origin. | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year= 1990 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=2220805 | doi= | pmc=1683780 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220805 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14614249">{{cite journal| author=Caspi B, Lerner-Geva L, Dahan M, Chetrit A, Modan B, Hagay Z et al.| title=A possible genetic factor in the pathogenesis of ovarian dermoid cysts. | journal=Gynecol Obstet Invest | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-6 | pmid=14614249 | doi=10.1159/000074755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14614249 }} </ref>
*Mature teratoma contains a well differentiated tumor with all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).<ref name="El-MaarriRijlaarsdam2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-Maarri|first1=Osman|last2=Rijlaarsdam|first2=Martin A.|last3=Tax|first3=David M. J.|last4=Gillis|first4=Ad J. M.|last5=Dorssers|first5=Lambert C. J.|last6=Koestler|first6=Devin C.|last7=de Ridder|first7=Jeroen|last8=Looijenga|first8=Leendert H. J.|title=Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles Provide Clues to the Origin and Pathogenesis of Germ Cell Tumors|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=4|year=2015|pages=e0122146|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122146}}</ref>
*Mature teratoma may be located in the embryonic fusion midline or paraxial, mediastinum, ovary, retroperitoneum, and sacrococcygeal.<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal| author=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL| title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 1994 | volume= 84 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-8 | pmid=8008317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8008317 }} </ref>
*Immature teratoma may be due to the malignant tranformation of primitive germ cell layers and renmant of primive node.<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21949666">{{cite journal| author=Keene DJ, Craigie RJ, Shabani A, Batra G, Hennayake S| title=Bipartite anterior extraperitoneal teratoma: evidence for the embryological origins of teratomas? | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 208940 | pmid=21949666 | doi=10.1155/2011/208940 | pmc=3163403 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21949666 }} </ref>
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of teratoma include:<ref name="pmid10850452">Kraggerud SM, Szymanska J, Abeler VM, Kaern J, Eknaes M, Heim S et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10850452 DNA copy number changes in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors.] ''Cancer Res'' 60 (11):3025-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10850452 10850452]</ref>
*Gain of part or all chromosomes
**1p
**16p
**19
**22q
==Associated conditions==
Conditions associated with teratoma include:
*Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis<ref name="pmid29245365">Liang Z, Yang S, Sun X, Li B, Li W, Liu Z et al. (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29245365 Teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Two cases report and literature review.] ''Medicine (Baltimore)'' 96 (49):e9177. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009177 DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29245365 29245365]</ref><ref name="DalmauGleichman2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dalmau|first1=Josep|last2=Gleichman|first2=Amy J|last3=Hughes|first3=Ethan G|last4=Rossi|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Peng|first5=Xiaoyu|last6=Lai|first6=Meizan|last7=Dessain|first7=Scott K|last8=Rosenfeld|first8=Myrna R|last9=Balice-Gordon|first9=Rita|last10=Lynch|first10=David R|title=Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies|journal=The Lancet Neurology|volume=7|issue=12|year=2008|pages=1091–1098|issn=14744422|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2}}</ref><ref name="MalayevAlberts2015">{{cite journal|last1=Malayev|first1=Yuliya|last2=Alberts|first2=Jared|last3=Verardi|first3=Mary Ann|last4=Mattison|first4=Anissa R.|last5=Imlay|first5=Sherwin|title=Immature Teratoma Associated With Anti–N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis|journal=The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association|volume=115|issue=9|year=2015|pages=573|issn=0098-6151|doi=10.7556/jaoa.2015.116}}</ref>
==Gross and microscopy pathology==
The gross and microscopy features of teratoma are described below:<ref name="Yayla AbideBostancı Ergen2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yayla Abide|first1=Çiğdem|last2=Bostancı Ergen|first2=Evrim|title=Retrospective analysis of mature cystic teratomas in a single center and review of the literature|journal=Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology|volume=15|issue=2|year=2018|pages=95–98|issn=1307699X|doi=10.4274/tjod.86244}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref><ref name="Ulbright2005">{{cite journal|last1=Ulbright|first1=Thomas M|title=Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues|journal=Modern Pathology|volume=18|issue=S2|year=2005|pages=S61–S79|issn=0893-3952|doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800310}}</ref><ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432104">{{cite journal| author=Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST| title=CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 1305-25 | pmid=12432104 | doi=10.1148/rg.226025033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432104 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26379326">{{cite journal| author=da Silva TK, Ribeiro GJ, Scortegagna FA, Zanetti G, Marchiori E| title=Teratoma: a set of teeth in the pelvis. | journal=Radiol Bras | year= 2015 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 263-4 | pmid=26379326 | doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0034 | pmc=4567366 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26379326 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Types
!Gross pathology
!Microscopic pathology
!Images
|-
!Mature teratoma
|
*Unilateral cystic mass in most cases, rarely solid
*Predominantly cystic with hair tufts, teeth, and cartilaginous material
*Unilocular in most cases
*Capsular compoment is well defined
|
*Squamous epithelium (skin)
*Adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
*Adipose tissues
*No cytology atypia
|
|-
![[Immature teratoma]]
|
* Solid mass with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas
*
*
*
|
*Neural tissues with neuroepithelial rosettes
*Choroid plexus
*Immature mesenchymal
*Presence of primtive elements
*
*
|

|-
![[Monodermal teratoma]]
|
*
*
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
|

|-
|}
*

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T21:12:10Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T20:49:05Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T20:40:20Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T20:32:33Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T20:14:33Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T19:34:56Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma classification

2019-11-04T19:21:56Z

Gertrude Djouka:

__NOTOC__
{{Teratoma}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}, {{Mbt}}{{ADS}}
==Overview==
Teratomas are subtypes of germ cell tumors.Teratomas may be classified into four subgroups based on the histology and site features.

==Classification==
*Teratomas may be classified into four subgroups based on the histology features.<ref name="pmid27528018">{{cite journal| author=Zuquello RÁ, Tagliari G, Bagatini R, Camiña RH, Caron R, Lorencette NA et al.| title=Immature teratoma presenting as a soft-tissue mass with no evidence of other sites of involvement: a case report. | journal=Diagn Pathol | year= 2016 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 76 | pmid=27528018 | doi=10.1186/s13000-016-0527-x | pmc=4986345 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27528018 }} </ref><ref name="PetersonBuckley2012">{{cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=Christine M.|last2=Buckley|first2=Celine|last3=Holley|first3=Susan|last4=Menias|first4=Christine O.|title=Teratomas: A Multimodality Review|journal=Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology|volume=41|issue=6|year=2012|pages=210–219|issn=03630188|doi=10.1067/j.cpradiol.2012.02.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid26894303">{{cite journal| author=Meinhold-Heerlein I, Fotopoulou C, Harter P, Kurzeder C, Mustea A, Wimberger P et al.| title=The new WHO classification of ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer and its clinical implications. | journal=Arch Gynecol Obstet | year= 2016 | volume= 293 | issue= 4 | pages= 695-700 | pmid=26894303 | doi=10.1007/s00404-016-4035-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26894303 }} </ref>
**Mature teratoma which is benign cystic and solid.
**Immature teratoma which is malignant with some embryonic component.
**Malignant teratoma with some somatic malignant neoplasm component.
**Monodermal teratoma.
*Teratomas may also be classified based on the site:<ref name="pmid29798962">{{cite journal| author=Varma AV, Malpani G, Agrawal P, Malukani K, Dosi S| title=Clinicopathological spectrum of teratomas: An 8-year retrospective study from a tertiary care institute. | journal=Indian J Cancer | year= 2017 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 576-579 | pmid=29798962 | doi=10.4103/ijc.IJC_294_17 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29798962 }} </ref>
**Intragonadal (ovary and testis).
**Extragonadal (sacrococcygeal, retroperitoneum, mediastinum, and others).
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Gynecology]]
[[Category:Proctology]]
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Pediatric cancers]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T19:09:09Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T16:15:00Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T16:12:09Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-04T15:51:45Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-01T20:09:17Z

Gertrude Djouka:

Teratoma pathophysiology

2019-11-01T18:43:16Z

Gertrude Djouka: